tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37641883172303025332024-03-19T01:39:54.121-07:00METHODE KUALITATIFDRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-42472055154524397942011-02-13T02:34:00.001-08:002011-02-13T02:34:53.741-08:00Peluang atau kebolehjadian atau dikenal juga sebagai Probabilitas adalah cara untuk mengungkapkan pengetahuan atau kepercayaan bahwa suatu kejadian akan berlaku atau telah terjadi. Konsep ini telah dirumuskan dengan lebih ketat dalam matematika, dan kemudian digunakan secara lebih luas dalam tidak hanya dalam matematika atau statistika, tapi juga keuangan, sains dan filsafat.<br />
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Probabilitas suatu kejadian adalah angka yang menunjukkan kemungkinan terjadinya suatu kejadian. Nilainya di antara 0 dan 1. Kejadian yang mempunyai nilai probabilitas 1 adalah kejadian yang pasti terjadi atau sesuatu yang telah terjadi. Misalnya matahari yang masih terbit di timur sampai sekarang. Sedangkan suatu kejadian yang mempunyai nilai probabilitas 0 adalah kejadian yang mustahil atau tidak mungkin terjadi. Misalnya seekor kambing melahirkan seekor sapi.<br />
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1-\frac{1}{6} = \frac{5}{6}Probabilitas/Peluang suatu kejadian A terjadi dilambangkan dengan notasi P(A), p(A), atau Pr(A). Sebaliknya, probabilitas [bukan A] ataukomplemen A, atau probabilitas suatu kejadian A tidak akan terjadi, adalah 1-P(A). Sebagai contoh, peluang untuk tidak munculnya mata dadu enam bila sebuah dadu bersisi enam digulirkan adalah .<br />
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Artikel bertopik matematika ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.<br />
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Probabilitas (Bagian I)<br />
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1. Pendahuluan<br />
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· Percobaan : proses yang menghasilkan data<br />
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· Ruang Contoh (S) : himpunan yang memuat semua kemungkinan hasil percobaan<br />
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· Kejadian = Event : himpunan bagian dari ruang contoh<br />
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Misal : Dari sekumpulan 52 kartu bridge S : { sekop, klaver, hati, wajik }, kita hanya tertarik pada kejadian A munculnya kartu yang berwarna merah.<br />
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A : {hati, wajik }<br />
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· Titik Contoh: Anggota Ruang Contoh/Kejadian<br />
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· Konsep Dasar (Klasik) Peluang<br />
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Peluang kejadian A dinotasikan sebagai P(A)<br />
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Jika setiap titik contoh mempunyai peluang yang sama maka :<br />
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n : banyak titik contoh penyusun Kejadian<br />
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N : banyak titik contoh dalam Ruang Contoh (S)<br />
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· Nilai Peluang Kejadian A ® 0 £ P(A) £ 1<br />
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dan<br />
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P (S) = 1 ® Peluang Kejadian yang pasti terjadi<br />
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P (Æ) = 0 ® Peluang Kejadian yang pasti tidak terjadi<br />
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Contoh 1: <br />
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Percobaan: Pelemparan sebuah dadu setimbang (balanced) sebanyak 1 kali<br />
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S : {sisi-1, sisi-2, sisi-3, sisi-4, sisi-5, sisi-6}<br />
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N = 6<br />
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Kejadian A: Munculnya sisi dadu bernilai GENAP dalam pelemparan sebuah dadu<br />
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setimbang (balanced) sebanyak 1 kali<br />
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A {sisi-2, sisi-4, sisi-6}<br />
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n = 3<br />
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Peluang kejadian A: <br />
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2. Penghitungan Banyak Titik Contoh<br />
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2.1 Kaidah Penggandaan = Kaidah Perkalian<br />
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Kaidah Penggandaan:<br />
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Jika operasi ke-1 dapat dilakukan dalam n1 cara<br />
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operasi ke-2 dapat dilakukan dalam n2 cara<br />
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operasi ke-k dapat dilakukan dalam nk cara<br />
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maka k operasi dalam urutan tersebut dapat dilakukan dalam n1 ´ n 2 ´ …´ nk cara<br />
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Contoh 2:<br />
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Berapa banyak bilangan 4 digit yang dapat dibentuk dari angka 3, 4, 6, 7, dan 8<br />
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a. jika semua angka boleh berulang? <br />
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5 ´ 5 ´ 5 ´ 5 = 625<br />
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b. jika angka tidak boleh berulang?<br />
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5 ´ 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 = 120<br />
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c jika bilangan tersebut: GANJIL dan angka tidak boleh berulang?<br />
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4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 48<br />
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d. Berapa peluang bilangan yang muncul adalah bilangan GANJIL dan angka tidak berulang (lihat Kejadian c) pada kondisi pembentukan bilangan 4 digit, angka boleh berulang (lihat Kejadian A)<br />
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n = 48 N = 625<br />
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P(C) =<br />
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2.2. Permutasi<br />
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Permutasi sejumlah obyek adalah penyusunan obyek tersebut dalam suatu urutan/posisi tertentu.<br />
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Dalam permutasi urutan/posisi diperhatikan!!!<br />
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Misal:<br />
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Dari huruf A, B, C ® permutasi yang mungkin: ABC ¹ ACB ¹ BAC¹BCA¹CAB¹ CBA. Permutasi = 6 = 3 ´ 2 ´ 1= 3!<br />
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· Dalil-1 Permutasi: Banyaknya Permutasi n benda yang berbeda adalah n!<br />
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Konsep Bilangan Faktorial<br />
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n! = n ´ (n-1) ´(n-2) ´.... ´ 2 ´ 1<br />
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0! = 1 1! = 1<br />
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100! = 100 ´ 99!<br />
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100! = 100 ´ 99 ´ 98!, dst <br />
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Contoh 3:<br />
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Berapa cara menyusun bola lampu merah, biru, kuning dan hijau ?<br />
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Terdapat 4 objek berbeda : merah, kuning, biru dan hijau ® 4! = 4´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 = 24<br />
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Berapa peluang susunan lampu tersebut adalah Kuning-Biru-Hijau-Merah?<br />
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P(KBHM) =<br />
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· Dalil-2 Permutasi :<br />
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Banyaknya permutasi r benda dari n benda yang berbeda adalah :<br />
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Perhatikan dalam contoh ini urutan/posisi obyek sangat diperhatikan!<br />
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Contoh 4:<br />
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Dari 40 nomor rekening akan diundi untuk memenangkan 3 hadiah yang berbeda. Undian urutan pertama akan memperoleh rumah, undian urutan kedua memperoleh mobil dan undian urutan ketiga memperoleh paket wisata ke Eropa. Berapa banyaknya susunan pemenang yang mungkin terbentuk?<br />
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Jika anda hanya mempunyai 1 rekening, maka peluang anda menjadi salah satu pemenang adalah: P(Menang) =<br />
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· Dalil-3 Permutasi Melingkar: Banyaknya permutasi n benda yang disusun dalam suatu lingkaran adalah (n-1)!<br />
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Contoh 5:<br />
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Enam orang bermain bridge dalam susunan melingkar. Berapa susunan yang mungkin dibentuk? n = 6 maka permutasi melingkar = (6-1)! = 5! = 5 ´ 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´1 = 120<br />
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Sampai Dalil ke-3, kita telah membahas permutasi untuk benda-benda yang berbeda. Perhatikan permutasi ABC, terdapat 3 objek yang jelas berbeda.<br />
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Bagaimana jika kita harus berhadapan dengan A1A2B1B2C1C2 dan A1=A2=A dan B1=B2=B dan C1=C2= C?<br />
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Dalil-4 Permutasi Obyek yang Sama:<br />
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Banyaknya permutasi untuk sejumlah n benda<br />
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di mana jenis/kelompok pertama berjumlah n1<br />
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jenis/kelompok kedua berjumlah n2<br />
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jenis/kelompok ke-k berjumlah nk<br />
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adalah :<br />
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n = n1 + n2 + . . . + nk <br />
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Contoh 6:<br />
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Berapa permutasi dari kata STATISTIKA? S = 2; T = 3; A = 2; I = 2; K = 1<br />
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Permutasi = <br />
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Contoh 7:<br />
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Dari 7 orang mahasiswa akan dilakukan pemisahan kelas. 3 orang masuk ke kelas pertama, 2 orang masuk ke kelas kedua dan 2 orang masuk ke kelas ketiga.<br />
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Ada berapa cara pemisahan?<br />
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2.3 Kombinasi<br />
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Kombinasi r obyek yang dipilih dari n obyek adalah susunan r obyek tanpa memperhatikan urutan/posisi<br />
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Misalkan: Kombinasi 3 dari 3 obyek A, B dan C adalah:<br />
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ABC = ACB = BAC = BCA = CAB = CBA ( Hanya terdapat 1 kombinasi) <br />
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· Dalil-1 Kombinasi : Kombinasi r dari n obyek adalah<br />
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Contoh 8:<br />
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Dari 40 nomor rekening akan diundi untuk memenangkan 3 hadiah yang sama. Berapa banyaknya susunan pemenang yang mungkin terbentuk?<br />
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= 9880<br />
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Jika anda hanya mempunyai 1 rekening, maka peluang anda menjadi salah satu pemenang adalah: P(Menang) =<br />
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2.4 Kaidah Perkalian & Kombinasi<br />
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Dalam banyak soal, kaidah penggandaan/perkalian dan kombinasi seringkali digunakan bersama-sama.<br />
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Contoh 9:<br />
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Manajer SDM mengajukan 10 calon manajer yang berkualifikasi sama, 5 calon berasal dari Kantor Pusat, 3 calon dari Kantor cabang dan 2 dari Program Pelatihan manajer.<br />
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(a) Berapa cara Manajer SDM dapat memilih 6 manajer baru dengan ketentuan 3 berasal<br />
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dari Kantor Pusat. 2 dari Kantor Cabang dan 1 dari Program Pelatihan manajer?<br />
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Pemilihan 3 dari 5 calon dari Kantor Pusat =<br />
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Pemilihan 2 dari 3 calon dari Kantor Cabang = <br />
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Pemilihan 1 dari 2 calon dari Program Pelatihan=<br />
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n = Pemilihan Manajer = 10 ´ 3 ´ 2 = 60 cara <br />
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(b) Berapa cara memilih 6 dari 10 kandidat manajer?<br />
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N = Pemilihan 6 dari 10 kandidat manajer =<br />
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(c) Berapa peluang 6 manajer baru tersebut terdiri dari 3 dari Kantor Pusat, 2 dari<br />
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Kantor Cabang dan 1 dari Program Pelatihan?<br />
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P(manajer) =<br />
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</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-81303205104374796562011-01-29T02:54:00.001-08:002011-01-29T02:54:24.477-08:00<div class="Sect"> <div align="center"> <span style="color: black;">Statistika Non Parametrik </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">1. Pendahuluan </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Kelebihan Uji Non Parametrik: </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">- Perhitungan sederhana dan cepat </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Data dapat berupa data kualitatif (Nominal atau Ordinal) </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Distribusi data tidak harus Normal </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Kelemahan Uji Non Parametrik: </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Tidak memanfaatkan semua informasi dari sampel (Tidak efisien) </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Kelemahan diperbaiki dengan menambah ukuran sampel </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Beberapa Uji Non Parametrik yang akan dipelajari : </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Uji tanda berpasangan </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Uji Peringkat 2 Sampel Mann-Whitney </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> - Uji Peringkat 2 Sampel Wilcoxon </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">- Uji Korelasi Peringkat Spearman </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">- Uji Konkordansi Kendall </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">- Uji Run(s) </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">2. Uji Tanda Berpasangan </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Uji dilakukan pada 2 sampel terpisah (independen) </span></div><dl><dd><span style="color: black;">• tanda (+) → data pada sampel 1 > pasangannya sampel 2 </span></dd><dd><span style="color: black;">• tanda (–) → data pada sampel 1 < pasangannya sampel 2 </span></dd><dd><span style="color: black;">• tanda Nol (0) → data pada sampel 1 = pasangannya sampel 2 </span></dd></dl><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Tanda Nol <u><b><i>tidak digunakan</i></b></u> dalam perhitungan </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">Notasi yang digunakan : </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;">n = banyak tanda (+) dan tanda (–) dalam sampel </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_0.jpg" width="12" />= proporsi SUKSES dalam sampel </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><img height="20" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_1.jpg" width="11" /> = 1 –<img height="20" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_2.jpg" width="12" /> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"> </span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_3.jpg" width="13" /><span> = proporsi SUKSES dalam <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_4.jpg" width="17" /></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_5.jpg" width="13" /> = 1 – <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_6.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Standar Error = Galat Baku = <img height="49" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_7.jpg" width="129" /> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Rata-Rata Sampel = <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_8.jpg" width="49" /> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Statistik Uji <img height="48" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_9.jpg" width="96" /> <img height="63" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_10.jpg" width="120" /> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>SUKSES tergantung dari apa yang ditanyakan (ingin diuji) dalam soal. </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Jika yang ingin diuji sampel 1 > sampel 2 maka SUKSES adalah banyak tanda (+) </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Jika yang ingin diuji sampel 1 < sampel 2 maka SUKSES adalah banyak tanda (–) </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Nilai disesuaikan dengan nilai pengujian p yang diinginkan dalam soal <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_11.jpg" width="12" /></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span>atau jika ingin diuji proporsi sampel 1 = proporsi sampel 2 maka = = 0.50 <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_12.jpg" width="13" /><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_13.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span> </span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span>Penetapan Penetapan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_14.jpg" width="16" /> dan <span><i>H</i><span>: </span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span>1<span>Terdapat 3 alternatif <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_15.jpg" width="4" /><span> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_16.jpg" width="4" /><span>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(a) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_17.jpg" width="4" /><span>: p = dan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_18.jpg" width="13" /><span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_19.jpg" width="4" /><span>: p< <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_20.jpg" width="12" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_21.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <span>−<img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_22.jpg" width="15" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(b) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_23.jpg" width="5" /><span>: p = dan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_24.jpg" width="13" /><span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_25.jpg" width="4" /><span>: p > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_26.jpg" width="12" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_27.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_28.jpg" width="15" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(c) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_29.jpg" width="4" /><span>: p = dan <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_30.jpg" width="13" /><span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_31.jpg" width="4" /><span>: p <span>≠<span> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_32.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 2 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_33.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_34.jpg" width="35" /> dan z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_35.jpg" width="21" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 1a: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Berikut adalah nilai preferensi konsumen terhadap 2 Merk Sabun Mandi. Dengan taraf nyata 1%, ujilah apakah proporsi preferensi konsumen pada kedua merk bernilai <u><span><b><i>sama</i></b></span></u><span><span>? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> No. Responden </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> LUXE </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> GIVE </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Tanda </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>1. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>2. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> – </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>3. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 0 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>4. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> – </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>5. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>6. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> – </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>7. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> – </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>8. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> – </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>9. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>10. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>11. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>12. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 0 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>13. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>14. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><br />
<dl><dd>15. </dd></dl></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> + </div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Banyak tanda (+) = 8 Banyak tanda (–) = 5 n = 8 + 5 = 13 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jika kita asumsikan LUXE lebih disukai dibanding GIVE maka SUKSES dalam sampel adalah <img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_36.jpg" width="11" />= proporsi banyak tanda (+) dalam sampel </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_37.jpg" width="12" />= <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_38.jpg" width="176" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_39.jpg" width="11" /> = 1 –<img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_40.jpg" width="12" /> = 1 - 0.62 = 0.38 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Karena ingin diuji proporsi yang suka LUXE = GIVE maka = = 0.50 <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_41.jpg" width="13" /><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_42.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Langkah Pengujian: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_43.jpg" width="16" />: p = 0.50 <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_44.jpg" width="15" />: p ≠ 0.50 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : z </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji: 2 Arah </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = α = 1% → α/2 = 0.5% = 0.005 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_45.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> z < <span>−<i>z</i><span> <span>→<span> z < -2.575 dan z > <span>→<span> z > 2.575 <img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_46.jpg" width="21" /><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_47.jpg" width="29" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. Nilai statistik Uji : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="67" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_48.jpg" width="436" /><span> = 0.8653... </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> ≈ 0.87 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>7. Kesimpulan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z hitung = 0.87 ada di daerah penerimaan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_49.jpg" width="16" /> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_50.jpg" width="16" /> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Proporsi konsumen yang menyukai LUXE masih sama dengan yang menyukai </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>GIVE. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 1b: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_51.jpg" width="443" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dengan menggunakan data pada Tabel 1 dan taraf nyata 1% ujilah apakah proporsi preferensi konsumen pada sabun LUXE dibanding sabun GIVE sudah <u><span><b><i>lebih dari</i></b></span></u><span><span> 0.30? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_52.jpg" width="13" /> = 0.30 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_53.jpg" width="15" /> = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_54.jpg" width="16" />: p = 0.30 <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_55.jpg" width="16" />: p > 0.30 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : z </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji 1 Arah </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = α = 1% = 0.01 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_56.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> z > <i>z</i>→ z > 2.33 <img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_57.jpg" width="19" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. Nilai statistik Uji : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="68" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_58.jpg" width="441" />2.5177... </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> ≈ 2.52 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>7. Kesimpulan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z hitung = 2.52 ada di daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_59.jpg" width="4" /><span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_60.jpg" width="12" />ditolak <span><i>H</i><span> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>01<span>Proporsi konsumen yang menyukai LUXE sudah lebih dari 0.30 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji Peringkat 2 Sampel Mann-Whitney </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_61.jpg" width="437" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Uji ini merupakan alternatif uji beda 2 rata-rata Parametrik dengan menggunakan t (Sampel-sampel berukuran kecil). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Langkah pertama pengujian ini adalah pengurutan nilai mulai dari yang terkecil hingga terbesar. Pengurutan dilakukan tanpa pemisahan kedua sampel. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Selanjutnya lakukan penetapan Rank (Peringkat) dengan aturan berikut: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Peringkat ke -1 diberikan pada nilai terkecil di urutan pertama </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Peringkat tertinggi diberikan pada nilai terbesar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jika tidak ada nilai yang sama maka urutan = peringkat </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jika ada nilai yang sama, maka ranking dihitung dengan rumus </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Peringkat (R) = <img height="51" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_62.jpg" width="205" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 2a: Berikan peringkat (ranking) data dalam tabel berikut ini! </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Tabel 2. Nilai UAS Statistika 2 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> Mahasiswa Fak. Ekonomi </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Mahasiswa Fak. Ilmu Komputer </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Nilai </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Urutan </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Rangking </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Nilai </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Urutan </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Ranking </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 30 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 25 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 55 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 50 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 65 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 5 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 70 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 70 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 70 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 75 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9.5 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 75 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9.5 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 88 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 16 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15.5 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 78 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 11 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 11 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 90 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 17 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 17 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 80 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 12 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 12 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 95 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 18 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 18 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 85 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 13 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 13.5 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 98 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 19 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 19 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 85 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 14 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 13.5 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 100 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 20 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 20 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 88 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15.5 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> <img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_63.jpg" width="25" /> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 117 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> <img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_64.jpg" width="27" /> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 93 </div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ranking untuk Nilai 70 = <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_65.jpg" width="131" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Ranking untuk Nilai 75 = <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_66.jpg" width="128" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Notasi yang digunakan </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_67.jpg" width="35" /> Jumlah peringkat dalam sampel ke 1 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="27" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_68.jpg" width="33" /> Jumlah peringkat dalam sampel ke 2 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_69.jpg" width="32" /> ukuran sampel ke 1 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="28" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_70.jpg" width="35" />ukuran sampel ke 2 Ukuran kedua sampel tidak harus sama </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rata-rata <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_71.jpg" width="33" /><img height="61" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_72.jpg" width="279" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Rata-rata <img height="28" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_73.jpg" width="36" /><img height="61" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_74.jpg" width="273" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standar Error (Galat Baku) = <img height="61" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_75.jpg" width="340" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Statistik Uji <img height="68" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_76.jpg" width="111" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dalam perhitungan hanya yang digunakan, karena ia menjadi subyek dalam <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_77.jpg" width="17" /><img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_78.jpg" width="16" /> dan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_79.jpg" width="15" />: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Penetapan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_80.jpg" width="4" /><span> dan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_81.jpg" width="15" />: Terdapat 3 alternatif <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_82.jpg" width="4" /><span> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_83.jpg" width="4" /><span>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(a) <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_84.jpg" width="4" /><span>: <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_85.jpg" width="49" /> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_86.jpg" width="4" /><span>: <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_87.jpg" width="48" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_88.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_89.jpg" width="28" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(b) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_90.jpg" width="5" /><span>: <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_91.jpg" width="48" /> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_92.jpg" width="4" /><span>: <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_93.jpg" width="48" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_94.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_95.jpg" width="16" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(c) <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_96.jpg" width="4" /><span>: <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_97.jpg" width="49" /> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_98.jpg" width="4" /><span> :<img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_99.jpg" width="48" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 2 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_100.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_101.jpg" width="35" /> dan z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_102.jpg" width="21" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 2b: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Berdasarkan Tabel 2 (lihat Contoh 2a), ujilah dengan taraf nyata 5%, apakah (peringkat) nilai mahasiswa Fak, Ekonomi lebih besar dibanding mahasiswa Ilmu Komputer? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_103.jpg" width="16" />: <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_104.jpg" width="48" /> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_105.jpg" width="15" /> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_106.jpg" width="48" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : z </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji 1 Arah </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = <span>α<span> = 5% = 0.05 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_107.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> z > <span>→<span> z > 1.645 <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_108.jpg" width="23" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Luas daerah ini = </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. Nilai statistik Uji : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_109.jpg" width="25" /> 117 <img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_110.jpg" width="27" /> 93 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_111.jpg" width="32" />10 <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_112.jpg" width="35" />10 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="52" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_113.jpg" width="480" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="49" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_114.jpg" width="543" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="60" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_115.jpg" width="452" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>7. Kesimpulan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z hitung = 0.91 ada di daerah penerimaan<img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_116.jpg" width="16" />, <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_117.jpg" width="16" /> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(Peringkat) nilai UAS Statistika 2 di Fakultas Ekonomi = Fakultas Ilmu Komputer. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Uji Peringkat 2 Sampel Wilcoxon </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_118.jpg" width="393" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Prinsip pengerjaannnya sama dengan Uji Peringkat 2 Sampel Mann-Whitney, hanya fokus kini dialihkan sampel dengan ukuran terkecil. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Notasi yang digunakan : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_119.jpg" width="32" /> ukuran sampel ke 1 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_120.jpg" width="35" />ukuran sampel ke 2 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_121.jpg" width="73" /> ukuran sampel ke 1 selalu lebih kecil dari sampel ke 2 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>W = jumlah peringkat pada sampel berukuran terkecil </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Nilai Ekspektasi (W) = E(W) = <img height="44" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_122.jpg" width="159" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Standar Error = SE =<img height="52" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_123.jpg" width="248" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Statistik Uji z = <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_124.jpg" width="75" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Penetapan urutan, peringkat dan <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_125.jpg" width="16" /> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_126.jpg" width="5" /><span> sama dengan Uji Mann-Whitney </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 3: Berikut adalah data pendapatan di 2 kelompok pekerja </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Tabel 3. Pendapatan Karyawan </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> Departemen Q </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Departemen Z </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Income </div><div align="center"> (ribu USD/tahun) </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Urutan </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Rangking</div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Income </div><div align="center"> (ribu USD/tahun) </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Urutan </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> Ranking </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 12 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 13 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 32 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 15 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> W = </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 19 </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 20 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 31 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 38 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 11 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 11 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 40 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 12 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 12 </div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dengan taraf nyata 5% ujilah apakah (peringkat) pendapatan di departemen Q <u><span><b><i>lebih kecil</i></b></span></u><span> dibandingkan departemen Z? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_127.jpg" width="16" />: <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_128.jpg" width="48" /> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_129.jpg" width="16" /> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_130.jpg" width="48" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : z </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji 1 Arah </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = <span>α<span> = 5% = 0.05 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_131.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> z < –<span>→<span> z < –1.645 <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_132.jpg" width="23" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. Nilai statistik Uji : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_133.jpg" width="32" />4 8 <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_134.jpg" width="35" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>W = 19 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>E(W) = <img height="45" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_135.jpg" width="276" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="48" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_136.jpg" width="355" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_137.jpg" width="245" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z = <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_138.jpg" width="192" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>7. Kesimpulan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z hitung = –1.19 ada di daerah penerimaan<img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_139.jpg" width="16" />, <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_140.jpg" width="16" /> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Peringkat Pendapatan di kedua departemen sama </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_141.jpg" width="437" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Uji Korelasi Peringkat Spearman </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dua uji terakhir (Mann-Whitney dan Wilcoxon) ditujukan untuk 2 sampel yang saling bebas (independen), sedangkan Uji Peringkat Spearman ditujukan untuk penetapan peringkat data berpasangan. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Konsep dan interpretasi nilai Korelasi Spearman () sama dengan konsep Koefisien Korelasi pada Regresi (Linier Sederhana). <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_142.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Notasi yang digunakan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> n = banyak pasangan data </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> = selisih peringkat pasangan data ke i <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_143.jpg" width="13" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> = Korelasi Spearman <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_144.jpg" width="17" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="89" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_145.jpg" width="184" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Statistik Uji z = <img height="40" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_146.jpg" width="156" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Penetapan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_147.jpg" width="4" /><span> dan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_148.jpg" width="15" />: Terdapat 3 alternatif <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_149.jpg" width="4" /><span> dan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_150.jpg" width="4" /><span>: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(a) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_151.jpg" width="4" /><span>: R = 0 (korelasi bernilai 0, tidak ada hubungan /tidak ada kecocokan) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_152.jpg" width="16" />: R < 0 (korelasi negatif) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_153.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_154.jpg" width="28" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(b) <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_155.jpg" width="5" /><span>: R = 0 (korelasi bernilai 0, tidak ada hubungan /tidak ada kecocokan) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_156.jpg" width="16" />: R > 0 (korelasi positif) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 1 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_157.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_158.jpg" width="16" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>(c) <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_159.jpg" width="4" /><span>: R = 0 (korelasi bernilai 0, tidak ada hubungan /tidak ada kecocokan) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_160.jpg" width="16" />: R <span>≠<span> 0 (ada korelasi/ada kecocokan, korelasi tidak sama dengan 0) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> Uji 2 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_161.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_162.jpg" width="35" /> dan z > <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_163.jpg" width="21" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Peringkat diberikan tergantung kategori penilaian. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Jika ada item yang dinilai ber-peringkat sama, maka penetapan peringkat seperti dalam Mann-Whitney dapat dilakukan (ambil rata-rata peringkatnya!) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Contoh 5: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dua orang pakar (ahli) diminta memberikan peringkat kinerja pada 10 Bank di Indonesia. Peringkat diberikan mulai dari bank terbaik = peringkat 1 sedang yang terburuk diberi peringkat 10. Hasilnya disajikan dalam Tabel 4. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Tabel 4. Hasil peringkat 10 Bank oleh 2 Pakar </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="center"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="left"> Bank </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> Ranking </div><div align="left"> Pakar I </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> Rangking </div><div align="left"> Pakar II </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> <img height="27" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_164.jpg" width="13" /> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> <img height="27" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_165.jpg" width="20" /> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> A </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> B </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 16 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> C </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> -1.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2.25 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> D </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> E </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> F </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> -1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> G </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 4.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 1.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2.25 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> H </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> -5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 25 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> I </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> -1.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 2.25 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> J </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 8.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 9 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> -0.5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 0.25 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="left"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="left"> <span>Σ<span> = <img height="27" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_166.jpg" width="20" /></span></span></div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> 55 </div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Dengan taraf nyata 5% ujilah apakah apa korelasi antara peringkat yang diberikan kedua pakar? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_167.jpg" width="16" />: R = 0 <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_168.jpg" width="16" />: R <span>≠<span> 0 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : z </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Uji 2 Arah </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = <span>α<span> = 5% <span>→<span> <span>α<span>/2 = 2.5% = 0.025 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_169.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> z < <span>−<span><i>z</i><span> <span>→<span> z < -1.96 dan z > <span>→<span> z > 1.96 <img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_170.jpg" width="21" /><img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_171.jpg" width="29" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_172.jpg" width="443" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>6. Nilai statistik Uji : </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> <img height="71" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_173.jpg" width="457" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z = <img height="32" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_174.jpg" width="124" /><span> <img height="32" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_175.jpg" width="321" /> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>7. Kesimpulan: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>z hitung = 2.01 ada di daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_176.jpg" width="4" /><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_177.jpg" width="16" />ditolak <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_178.jpg" width="5" /><span> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ada korelasi/ada kecocokan pemberian peringkat oleh kedua pakar, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><dl><dd><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;">6. Uji Konkordansi Kendall </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd></dl><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Pengujian sampel berpasangan ganda (multiple-paired samples). </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Orang yang memberi peringkat lebih dari 2. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Statistik Uji yang digunakan : (chi kuadrat) dengan derajat bebas (db) = n-1 <img height="20" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_179.jpg" width="17" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Notasi yang digunakan </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> n = banyak pasangan data, n ≥ 8 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> R = jumlah peringkat </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"> k = banyak orang yang memberi peringkat (k >2) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> <span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Statistik Uji <img height="49" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_180.jpg" width="196" />**) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">**) sumber di Diktat Statistika-2, Gunadarma agak rancu…? </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;">Sumber lain belum saya temukan. Yang paling mendekati ada di http://www.analystsoft.com/en/products/statplus/content/help/src/analysis_nonparametric_statistics_comparing_multiple_dependent_samples_friedman_anova_kendall_concordance.html </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Contoh 6: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Tiga konsultan Teknologi Informasi (TI) diminta memberi peringkat pada 8 merk laptop. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Dengan taraf nyata 5% ujilah apakah terdapat kecocokan peringkat? (lihat Tabel di bawah) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">Merk Laptop </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">Pakar 1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">Pakar 2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">Pakar 3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">R </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">R<sup><span>2</span></sup></div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"><span>A </span></div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">9 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">81 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">B </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">10 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">100 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">C </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">2 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">16 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">D </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">3 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">1 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">9 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">81 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">E </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">19 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">361 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">F </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">5 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">18 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">324 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">G </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">7 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">21 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">441 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center">H </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">4 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">8 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">6 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">18 </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center">324 </div></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"> </div></td><td valign="top"><div align="center"><span>Σ<span>R<sup><span>2 </span></sup><span><span>= 1728 </span></span></span></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">Jawab: </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;">1. <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_181.jpg" width="16" />: R<sub><span>Kendall</span></sub><span> = 0 (tidak ada korelasi/tidak ada kecocokan) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><img alt="*" height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_182.jpg" width="16" />: R<sub><span>Kendall</span></sub><span> <span>≠<span> 0 (ada korelasi/ada kecocokan) </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><dl><dd><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Statistik Uji : <img height="20" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_183.jpg" width="17" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dd><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = <span>α<span> = 5% = 0.05 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd><dd><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. db = n –1 = 8 – 1 = 7 dan <span>χ² <sub><sub>tabel (db; </sub><sub>α</sub><sub>)</sub></sub> = 14.06713 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></dd></dl><div align="justify"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. Daerah Penolakan H<img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_184.jpg" width="5" /> jika χ² > χ² tabel <sub><sub>(db; </sub><sub>α</sub><sub>) </sub></sub>χ² > 14.06713 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">6. Nilai statistik Uji : </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"><img height="51" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_185.jpg" width="196" />=<img height="44" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_186.jpg" width="229" />= 15 </div><div align="left"> </div><dl><dd>7. Kesimpulan: <div align="left"><span>χ<span>²<sub><span>hitung </span></sub><span>= 15 ada di daerah penolakan <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_187.jpg" width="16" /> maka <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_188.jpg" width="16" /> ditolak dan <span><i>H</i><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_189.jpg" width="4" /><span> diterima </span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left">Ada kecocokan peringkat. </div></dd><dd>7. Uji Run(s) </dd></dl><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Uji Run(s) digunakan untuk menguji keacakan dalam suatu sampel. </div><img height="159" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_190.jpg" width="324" /><div align="left">Run adalah satu atau lebih lambang-lambang yang identik yang didahului atau diikuti oleh suatu lambang yang berbeda atau tidak ada lambang sama sekali. </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Misal: LLL PPP L P L PPPP L P LLLLLL terdapat 9 runs </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Run ke 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Statistik Uji yang digunakan = z </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> Notasi yang digunakan </div><div align="left"><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_191.jpg" width="32" />banyak lambang 1 dalam sampel <span> > 10<span> <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_192.jpg" width="15" /></span></span></div><div align="left"><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_193.jpg" width="35" />banyak lambang 2 dalam sampel <span> > 10<span> <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_194.jpg" width="16" /></span></span></div><div align="left"><span>n = + <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_195.jpg" width="15" /><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_196.jpg" width="16" /></span></div><div align="left"><img height="28" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_197.jpg" width="33" /><span> banyak run(s)<span> </span></span></div><div align="left"><span>Rata-rata Run(s) = <img height="44" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_198.jpg" width="96" /> </span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Standar Deviasi Run(s) = <img height="47" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_199.jpg" width="160" /> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> Statistik Uji z = <img height="47" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_200.jpg" width="75" /> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Penetapan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_201.jpg" width="4" /><span> </span></span></div><div align="left"> <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_202.jpg" width="16" />: Susunan Acak (Random) </div><div align="left"> <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_203.jpg" width="15" />: Susunan Tidak Acak (Tidak Random) </div><div align="left"> Uji 2 arah dengan daerah penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="12" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_204.jpg" width="4" /><span>: z < <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_205.jpg" width="35" /> dan z > <img height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_206.jpg" width="21" /></span></span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Contoh 7: </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Berikut adalah urutan duduk mahsiswa dan mahasiswi dalam suatu kelas: </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">LL P L PP L P L P L P LL P LLLLLLL PP L P LL PP LLLLLL </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">L = Laki-laki, P = Perempuan </div><div align="left">Dengan taraf nyata 5%, ujilah apakah urutan ini sudah random? </div><div align="left"><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_207.jpg" width="15" /> = banyak L = 24 = banyak P = 12 <img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_208.jpg" width="16" /><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_209.jpg" width="33" />banyak runs = 19<span> </span></div><div align="left"><span> </span></div><div align="left">1. <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_210.jpg" width="16" />: susunan acak <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_211.jpg" width="15" />: susunan tidak acak </div><img height="5" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_212.jpg" width="268" /><div align="left">2. Statistik Uji : z </div><div align="left">3. Uji 2 Arah </div><div align="left">4. Taraf Nyata Pengujian = <span>α<span> = 5% <span>→<span> <span>α<span>/2 = 2.5% = 0.025 </span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left">5. Daerah Penolakan <span><i>H</i><img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_213.jpg" width="5" /><span> </span></span></div><div align="left"> z < <span>−<i>z</i><span> <span>→<span> z < -1.96 dan z > <span>→<span> z > 1.96 <img height="13" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_214.jpg" width="21" /><img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_215.jpg" width="29" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">6. Nilai statistik Uji : </div><div align="left"> <img height="44" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_216.jpg" width="95" /> <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_217.jpg" width="121" /> </div><div align="left"><img height="47" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_218.jpg" width="160" />=<img height="47" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_219.jpg" width="203" />=<img height="44" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_220.jpg" width="77" />= </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left"> <img height="21" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_221.jpg" width="75" /> = 2.618615 <span>≈<span> 2.62 </span></span></div><div align="left"><img height="29" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_222.jpg" width="33" />19 </div><div align="left"><img height="47" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_223.jpg" width="75" /> = <img height="43" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_224.jpg" width="92" /> </div><div align="left">7. Kesimpulan: </div><div align="left">z hitung = 0.76 ada di daerah penerimaan <img height="24" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_225.jpg" width="16" /> </div><div align="left"><img alt="*" height="23" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_226.jpg" width="16" /> diterima. Susunan acak. </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="left">Catatan akhir: </div><div align="justify">Terdapat banyak ragam perhitungan Statistika Non-parametrik lainnya, mahasiswa sangat dianjurkan mempelajari sendiri berbagai teknik perhitungan Statistika Non Parametrik tersebut. </div><div align="left"> </div><div align="center"><span><span> Selesai <span><span> </span></span></span></span></div><img height="197" src="file:///I:/images/07nonpar_img_227.jpg" width="443" /></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-90239118590540416462011-01-21T23:33:00.000-08:002011-01-21T23:33:08.805-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWhfj4vWgYq9qfgFLvHN2kl1r6NoeKEvgHFSFhbb9HPDh2CKjGeNWkwPA6XcnxQ6OubK-237xYbYQC6d6IuzhjyfVAMd87Yom2WcwRrPSRSyWsGFtmuPlkgB8ankQT0idNzmInwLgZmEY/s1600/TB4.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWhfj4vWgYq9qfgFLvHN2kl1r6NoeKEvgHFSFhbb9HPDh2CKjGeNWkwPA6XcnxQ6OubK-237xYbYQC6d6IuzhjyfVAMd87Yom2WcwRrPSRSyWsGFtmuPlkgB8ankQT0idNzmInwLgZmEY/s1600/TB4.png" /></a></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-51464323114626393462011-01-21T23:17:00.000-08:002011-01-21T23:17:54.937-08:00<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-49689634619656604282011-01-21T22:49:00.000-08:002011-01-21T22:49:07.142-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUaGon2cMMXXOTLlJ89pv4UmY_nm3Odo5HZg7NVNLutT0jgWcP-vmIXmeoPzrfdRkailwVyDJPbVKn_ME8aHS2_sU30qoxoue1HrScQgU84DXBEWvkH56qsQQlU8nGHyYO7c1x_pdpfJs/s1600/TABEL+NORMAL.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUaGon2cMMXXOTLlJ89pv4UmY_nm3Odo5HZg7NVNLutT0jgWcP-vmIXmeoPzrfdRkailwVyDJPbVKn_ME8aHS2_sU30qoxoue1HrScQgU84DXBEWvkH56qsQQlU8nGHyYO7c1x_pdpfJs/s1600/TABEL+NORMAL.bmp" /></a></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-48180815941599351352011-01-21T22:36:00.001-08:002011-01-21T22:36:12.758-08:00<div style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;"><a href="" name="OLE_LINK3"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;">Tabel Probabilitas pada Pengujian Hipotesis <br />
Kruskal-Wallis</span></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region></st1:place> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,3000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,300<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5111<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2857<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,133<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3572<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7909<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4643<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,092</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,043<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,6667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,022</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3611<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,032<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1389<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,061<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,082</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0364 0,006<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,004<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8727 0,011</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6222<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1439<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8214<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5985<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,076<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5758<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0179<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,114<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4773<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,033<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1250<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4583<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6923<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,8333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,021<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6539<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2083<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5001<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,104</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,143</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,093</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Uk</st1:place></st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,036 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,4449<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3949<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,071<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6564<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5487<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,119<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7604<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7440<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,056<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6176<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,3733<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,090<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6187<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2933<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,122<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5527<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102 </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,012<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8711<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0178<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,053</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,123<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8218<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2692<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,047<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2462<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0788<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9818<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5077<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6485<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5780<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5152<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,109<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6264<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5451<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5363<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9855<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,044<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,8229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7914<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9873<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6657<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2045<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2727<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2682<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,9800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5409<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border-bottom: .5pt solid windowtext; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-bottom-alt: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-bottom: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK3;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"></span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-between: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt 1.0pt; mso-padding-between: 1.0pt; mso-padding-top-alt: 1.0pt; padding-top: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</div></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-682901182230545882011-01-21T22:31:00.001-08:002011-01-21T22:31:27.836-08:00Tabel Probabilitas pada Pengujian Hipotesis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Tabel Probabilitas pada Pengujian Hipotesis <br />
Kruskal-Wallis</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region></st1:place> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,3000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,300<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5111<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2857<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,133<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3572<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7909<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4643<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,092</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,043<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,6667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,022</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3611<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,032<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1389<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,061<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,082</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0364 0,006<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,004<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8727 0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6222<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1439<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8214<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5985<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,076<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5758<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0179<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,114<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4773<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,033<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1250<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4583<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6923<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,8333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,021<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6539<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2083<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5001<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,104</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,143</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,093</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Uk</st1:place></st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,036 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,4449<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3949<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,071<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6564<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5487<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,119<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7604<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7440<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,056<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6176<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,3733<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,090<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6187<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2933<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,122<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5527<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102 </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,012<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8711<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0178<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,053</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,123<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8218<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2692<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,047<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2462<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0788<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9818<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5077<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6485<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5780<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5152<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,109<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6264<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5451<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5363<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9855<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,044<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,8229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7914<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9873<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6657<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2045<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2727<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2682<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,9800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5409<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"></span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-79544110573174355992011-01-21T22:30:00.001-08:002011-01-21T22:30:59.910-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="" name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a href="" name="OLE_LINK1"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;">Tabel Probabilitas pada Pengujian Hipotesis <br />
Kruskal-Wallis</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region></st1:place> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,3000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,300<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5111<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2857<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4444<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,133<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3572<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7143<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7909<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,067<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4643<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,092</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,043<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,7000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,6667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,022</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3611<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,032<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1389<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,061<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,082</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0364 0,006<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,004<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8727 0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,4545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,029<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6222<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1439<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,5714<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8214<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5985<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,076<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5758<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0179<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,114<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5455<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4773<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,033<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1250<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4583<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6923<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1667<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6538<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,054</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,8333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,021<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6539<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2083<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5001<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,104</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,057<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,143</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0556<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,093</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8889<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,129</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on">Uk</st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Uk</st1:place></st1:country-region> sampel<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>p</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>n3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,036 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,4449<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3949<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,071<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6564<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5487<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0500<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,119<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,103</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7604<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,1333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,013<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7440<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,034<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6571<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,0400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,056<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6176<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,3733<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,090<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6187<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,2933<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,122<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5527<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102 </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,4000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,012<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,048<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8711<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1273<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0178<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,095<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,053</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,123<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,1091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,086</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,0364<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,105</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8218<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2692<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,1055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,052<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,3385<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,047<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6509<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,091<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2462<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,0788<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,6231<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9818<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5077<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6485<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5780<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,5152<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,5429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5333<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,097<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7055<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,046</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,4121<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,109<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6264<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,9545<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5451<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,8400<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,011<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5363<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,9855<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,044<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,8229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,7914<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9873<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,014<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6657<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,9600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6429<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,2045<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5229<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,099</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,1182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5200<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2727<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8,0000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,009</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,2682<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,050<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,9800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,010</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5409<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,098<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,7800<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,049</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5182<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,101<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,6600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,051</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5600<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,100</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,5000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,102</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK2;"></span><span style="mso-bookmark: OLE_LINK1;"></span> <div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-81508946497157475982011-01-21T03:38:00.001-08:002011-01-21T03:38:42.314-08:00<div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;">19/01/2010 BY <a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/author/systemscraft/" title="Posts by systemscraft"><span style="color: #008dcf;">SYSTEMSCRAFT</span></a> <a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/kualitatif-vs-kuantitatif/#respond"><span style="color: #008dcf;">8 COMMENTS</span></a></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-transform: uppercase;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif sering diartikan secara salah sebagai masalah ada atau tidaknya statistik, ekonometrika, atau matematika sebagai alat. Penggunaan kata kualitatif dan kuantitatif mungkin turut berperan dalam kesalahkaprahan tersebut. Kenyataannya tidak sesederhana itu. Perbedaan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif berawal</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dari perbedaan mendasar pada paradigma maupun filosofi dasar yang melandasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan paradigma dan filosofi dasar tersebut seringkali tidak disadari oleh para peneliti yang menganut masing-masing aliran, baik kualitatif maupun kuantitatif. Sebagai akibatnya, seringkali debat antara para peneliti kualitatif dan kuantitatif tidak menyentuh esensi tetapi lebih pada atribut di permukaan. Sebagai contoh, para penganut aliran kuantitatif sering “menuduh” penganut aliran kualitatif tidak dapat menunjukkan validitas, reliabilitas, obyektivitas, maupun generalisasi hasil penelitian (Crotty 1998; Miles & Huberman 1994). Di sisi lain, peneliti kualitatif “menyerang” peneliti kuantitatif dengan keengganan mereka untuk berinteraksi dengan obyek penelitian dan kedangkalan analisa.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah kaprah tidak hanya berhenti sampai di sana. Sering kali kita menjumpai kesalahkaprahan tersebut menyebabkan tercampur aduknya metode, metodologi, alat, perspektif teoritis, dan epistemologi. Tidak jarang dijumpai pemaknaan istilah</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>ethnography, symbolic interactionism, constructivist</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan lainnya menjadi kabur. Posting ini ditulis untuk menjernihkan kesalahkaprahan tersebut dan menempatkan perspektif yang jelas akan perbedaan antara penelitian kualitatif dengan kuantitatif sehingga debat berkepanjangan yang tidak perlu tidak terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">1. Pengertian Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum membahas penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif, terlebih dahulu kita harus mengerti beberapa istilah dasar. Setiap kali memulai suatu penelitian (mungkin dalam proses penyusunan proposal) peneliti dihadapkan pada pertanyaan mengenai metodologi dan metode yang akan digunakan. Selanjutnya kita juga dihadapkan pada bagaimana meyakinkan (justifikasi) pilihan metodologi dan metode kita merupakan pilihan yang paling tepat. Lebih mendalam lagi, pilihan metodologi dan metode penelitian yang kita gunakan merupakan perwujudan asumsi dasar yang kita gunakan, dengan kata lain merupakan perwujudan perspektif teoritis yang kita anut. Penelusuran lebih mendalam lagi akan menyentuh sisi epistemologis yang kita anut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epistemologi </span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah teori mengenai pengetahuan yang terkandung dalam perspektif teoritis dan dengan sendirinya dalam metodologi (Ambert et al. 1995; Blaikie 2000). Ada beberapa epistemologi yang berbeda yaitu</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Objectivism, Constructionism, Subjectivism</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan beberapa variannya (Crotty 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perspektif teoritis</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah landasan filosofis yang membentuk metodologi dan dengan demikian memberikan konteks untuk proses dan dasar logika dan kriteria (Crotty 1998; Guba & Lincoln 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metodologi</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah strategi, rencana, proses, atau rancangan yang berada di balik pilihan dan penggunaan metode tertentu dan menghubungkan pilihan dan penggunaan metode untuk mencapai hasil penelitian yang diinginkan (Creswell 2003; Leedy & Ormrod 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode </span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah teknik atau prosedur yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisa data yang berkaitan dengan permasalahan penelitian atau hipotesis (Leedy & Ormrod 2005; Patton 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian berikut ini akan membahas pengertian dasar epistemologi dan perspektif teoritis.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1. Epistemologi<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epistemologi berkaitan dengan sifat suatu pengetahuan (Crotty 1998; Hamlyn 1995). Lebih jelasnya, epistemologi berkaitan dengan filosofi dasar untuk memilih pengetahuan seperti apa yang mungkin diciptakan dan bagaimana memastikan pengetahuan tersebut memadai dan sahih (Hamlyn 1995; Maynard 1994). Sebagai peneliti, epistemologi yang kita adopsi menjadi penting untuk mendeskripsikan metodologi yang kita gunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa epistomologi, misalnya</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectivism. Objectivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beranggapan bahwa makna, pengertian, dan realitas ada dan terpisah dari kesadaran manusia. Makna dan realita tetap ada meskipun manusia tidak menyadarinya (Guba & Lincoln 1994). Manusia hanyalah menemukan adanya makna atas realita tersebut. Sebagai contoh, emas yang terkandung di dalam tanah tetaplah emas. Emas tersebut mengandung makna intrinsik sebagai emas. Ketika manusia menemukan emas tersebut dan mengenalinya sebagai emas, maka manusia hanya menemukan makna emas tersebut. Makna emas tersebut diam dan menunggu untuk ditemukan. Epistomologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ini yang kebanyakan dianut oleh peneliti kuantitatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>constructionism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memiliki pandangan yang berbeda. Makna dan realita adalah hasil konstruksi pemikian manusia (makanya diberi nama</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>constructionism</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) dan tidak ada makna atau realita yang menunggu untuk ditemukan manusia seperti halnya objectivism (Crotty 1998). Suatu hal yang sama akan dimaknai secara berbeda oleh orang yang berbeda. Hal ini dapat menjelaskan perbedaan budaya, cara pandang, dan perilaku manusia meski dihadapkan pada hal yang sama. Epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>constructionism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ini yang kebanyakan dianut oleh peneliti kualitatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan melihat perbedaan epistemologi tersebut, dapat dipahami perbedaan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Peneliti kuantitatif berusaha menemukan makna yang tersembunyi dalam fenomena yang ditelitinya. Validitas, relaibilitas, dan obyektifitas menjadi penting karena dengan demikian peneliti dapat menemukan maknya yang tersembunyi. Generalisasi hasil penelitian juga merupakan atribut penting penelitian kuantitatif karena makna suatu hal adalah universal dan akan bias diterima siapa saja. Sebaiknya, peneliti kualitatif bergelut dengan pemaknaan suatu fenomena secara berbeda oleh orang yang berbeda. Suatu realita menjadi memiliki makna yang berbeda-beda dan dengan demikian menjadi kompleks. Peneliti kualitatif berusaha memahami dan menangkap kompleksitas tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2. Perspektif Teoritis<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam memilih metodologi penelitian yang kita gunakan, secara sadar ataupun tidak, kita membawa asumsi dasar. Sebagai peneliti, kita harus berupaya untuk menyadari dan mendeskripsikan asumsi-asumsi tersebut. Asumsi dasar tersebut akan nampak dalam metodologi yang kita gunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perspektif teoritis berkaitan dengan cara pandang terhadap dunia dan kehidupan dalam dunia tersebut (Creswell 2003; Crotty 1998; Jacob 1998). Nama lain dari perspektif adalah paradigma penelitian (Campbell 2007). Ada beberapa perspektif teoritis yang biasa digunakan, antara lain p</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ositivism, interpretivism, critical inquiry, feminism, postmoderninsm</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan lain-lain (Crotty 1998; Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2007). Penelitian kuantitatif biasanya menggunakan perspektif teoritis</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>positivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sedangkan penelitian kualitatif menggunakan</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>interpretivism</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Positivism</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dipopulerkan oleh Auguste Comte.</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Positivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menganggap pengetahuan yang autentik adalah pengetahuan yang telah melalui pengujian dengan metodologi ilmiah. Akar positivism dapat ditelusuri mulai dari masa pencerahan (</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enlightement</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) dengan munculnya metode ilmiah sebagai tradisi penelitian. Untuk bidang bisnis dan sistem informasi di Indonesia, paham inilah yang banyak dianut. Metode ilmiah bahkan sudah mulai diperkenalkan semenjak tingkat SMP<span style="color: #008dcf; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/kualitatif-vs-kuantitatif/#_ftn1">[</a>.</span> Berbagai metodeologi penelitian kuantitatif menampakkan metode ilmiah yang kuat dalam proses penelitian, dimulai dari perumusan masalah, pengajuan hipotesis, pengumpulan data, pengujian hipotesis, sampai dengan kesimpulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpretivism</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada dasarnya menganggap bahwa semua pengetahuan adalah masalah interpretasi, orang yang berbeda akan menginterpretasikan sesuatu secara berbeda pula. Dalam aliran</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>interpretivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdapat beberapa pendekatan, yaitu</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>symbolic interactionism, phenomenology</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>hemerneutics</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Crotty 1998).</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Interpretivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akan dibahas secara lebih mendalam pada bab 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan melihat epistemologi dan perspektif teoritis yang berbeda antara penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif, maka dapat dipahami mengapa kedua pendekatan penelitian tersebut berbeda dalam banyak hal. Pada bagian selanjutnya akan dibahas perbedaan tersebut secara lebih terinci. Pembahasan akan diteruskan dengan validitas dan reliabilitas serta diakhiri dengan pertimbangan pemilihan metodologi dan sistematika pembahasan dalam buku ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">2. Perbedaan Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantiatif<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian kuantitatif adalah penelitian yang menggunakan epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dengan perspektif teoritis</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">positivism</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menggunakan metode eksperimental atau pengukuran kuantitatif untuk menguji hipotesis dengan tujuan menemukan generalisasi dan menekankan pada pengukuran dan analisa hubungan sebab akibat antara variable (Crotty 1998; Hoepfl 1997; Sekaran 2000). Penelitian kualitatif adalah penelitian yang mencoba memahami fenomena dalam seting dan konteks naturalnya (dunia nyata) di mana peneliti tidak berusaha untuk memanipulasi fenomena yang diamati (Leedy & Ormrod 2005; Patton 2001; Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill 2007). Dengan melihat perbedaan epistemologi dan perspektif teoritis yang melandasi penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif, maka dalam operasionalnya akan sangat nampak berbeda. Penelitian kuantitaif karena berakar dari</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectionism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan menganut perpsektif teoritis</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>positivism</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maka akan menemukan kebenaran yang sejak dulu ada tersembunyi di suatu tempat. Kebenaran yang menunggu untuk ditemkan tersebut akan dapat dtemukan oleh siapapun dengan alat yang tepat. Sebaliknya, penelitian kualitatif berusaha menggali dan memahami pemaknaan akan kebenaran yang berbeda-beda oleh orang yang berbeda. Perbedaan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif disarikan ke dalam tabel 1-1 (disarikan dan diadaptasi dari Avison & Myers 2005; Blaikie 2000; Crotty 1998; Glesne & Peshkin 1992; Guba & Lincoln 1994; Leedy & Ormrod 2005; Miles & Huberman 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: rgb(230, 230, 230); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; width: 618px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuantitatif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kualitatif</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asumsi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakta adalah realitas yang obyektif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Realitas merupakan bentukan komunitas sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variabel dapat diidentifikasi dan diukur<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Variabel sulit diukur, kompleks, dan saling terkait<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terlepas dari obyek pengamatan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Termasuk dalam obyek yang diamati<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generalisasi hasil<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjelaskan konteks suatu fenomena<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prediktif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpretatif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penjelasan sebab akibat<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memahami perspektif pelaku<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimulai dengan teori dan hipotesis<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diakhiri dengan hipotesis/teori<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manipulasi dan pengendalian variabel<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengikuti data dan hasil temuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggunakan instrumen pengukuran formal<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peneliti sebagai instrumen<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deduktif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Induktif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Analisa terhadap komponen temuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari pola dalam temuan<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencari konsensus/generalisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengungkap kompleksitas fenomena<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mereduksi data ke dalam angka<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data numerik/statistik sebagai pelengkap<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lepas dan imparsial<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterlibatan personal dan parsial<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 81.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="108"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peneliti</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 2.5in;" valign="bottom" width="240"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengungkapan obyektif<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border: solid #E6E6E6 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E6E6E6 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 12.0pt 3.0pt 12.0pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="270"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemahaman empatik<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tabel 1.</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectivist</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nampak dalam asumsi dasar penelitian kuantitatif, di mana realitas bersifat obyektif sehingga akan bermakna sama bagi siapapun yang menerimanya. Obyektivitas dicapai dengan mengukur variabel-variabel suatu realitas menggunakan alat ukur yang valid dan handal. Siapapun yang menggunakan alat ukur tersebut dalam mengukur variabel akan mendapatkan pemahaman yang sama akan suatu realita. Untuk mencapai obyektivitas tersebut peneliti tidak boleh terlibat dengan obyek penelitiannya dan harus menjaga jarak. Tidak heran jika penelitian kuantitatif melibatkan instrument pengumpulan data berupa survey yang disebarkan dengan bantuan asisten atau melalui web.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian kualitatif menganggap bahwa realitas adalah bentukan pikiran manusia. Segala sesuatu yang melibatkan manusia akan bersifat kompleks dan multi dimensi, apalagi jika melibatkan sekelompok manusia dan interaksinya. Kompleksitas tersebut akan sangat sulit diukur dan direduksi ke dalam angka-angka statistik. Data statistik hanyalah satu sisi kompleksitas atau dimensi, masih banyak sisi dalam realitas yang harus dipahami. Peneliti menjadi bagian dalam realitas tersebut seingga sulit untuk menjaga obyektivitas absolut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil akhir yang ingin dicapai oleh penelitian kuantitatif adalah mampu menjelaskan hubungan sebab akibat suatu fenomena dan menggeneralisir hasil penelitian dengan kemampuan prediktif terhadap fenomena serupa di tempat lain. Sangat penting dalam penelitian kuantitatif untuk memperoleh sampel yang memadai dan mewakili populasi sehingga meyakinkan pihak lain akan obyektivitas penelitiannya. Sebaliknya penelitian kualitatif berusaha memahami kompleksitas fenomena yang diteliti. Peneliti berusaha menginterpretasikan dan kemudian melaporkan suatu fenomena. Peneliti juga berusaha memahami suatu fenomena dari sudut pandang sang pelaku di dalamnya. Pemahaman dari sang peneliti sendiri dan dari para pelaku diharapkan akan saling melengkapi dan mampu menjelaskan kompleksitas fenomena yang diamati.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif sedikit berbeda. Proses dan tahapan penelitian kuantitatif lebih terstruktur dan sistematis dibandingkan dengan penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif akan dimulai dengan perumusan masalah, perumusan hipotesis berdasarkan landasan teori dan penelitian sebelumnya, pengumpulan data, analisa data untuk menguji hipotesis, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Pengambilan kesimpulan dilakukans ecara deduktif dengan mengumpulkan bukti-bukti yang akan mengkonfirmasi atau membantah hipotesis penelitian. Keseluruhan prosedur tersebut harus dilakukan dengan sistematis,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>rigorous<a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/kualitatif-vs-kuantitatif/#_ftn2"><b><span style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[2]</span></b></a></i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan dengan standar baku. Obyektivitas dan generalisasi hasil menuntut peneliti untuk menemukan fakta yang tersembunyi. Siapapun menggunakan proses metode ilmiah yang sama akan menemukan hasil yang sama untuk suatu fenomena yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses penelitian kualitatif lebih fleksibel dalam artian langkah selanjutnya akan ditentukan oleh temuan. Asumsi bahwa realita akan dimaknai berbeda menjadikan langkah untuk menjamin generalisasi hasil tidak diperlukan. Generalisasi seperti dalam penelitian kuantitatif akan sulit dicapai karena pemaknaan yang berbeda-beda akan fenomena yang sama. Data yang dikumpulkan akan dicari pola yang sama untuk menjelaskan kompleksitas fenomena. Dalam uji hipotesis pada penelitian kuantitatif, data yang bersifat terlalu ekstrim sering dikeluarkan dari analisa karena akan mengganggu penggeneralisasian hasil. Dalam penelitian kualitatif sering dijumpai nilai ekstrim menjadi temuan penting atau setidaknya petunjuk untuk menelusur lebih jauh. Peneliti kualitatif akan menggunakan metode induktif untuk menarik kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian. Hasil akhirnya adalah suatu hipotesis atau teori yang menjelaskan suatu fenomena. Mengapa disebut hipotesis? Karena kesimpulan penelitia kualitatif tidak bisa digeneralisir karena hanya berlaku pada konteks fenomena yang diteliti. Pada fenomena serupa dengan konteks yang berbeda mungkin akan berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada masa setelah Perang Dunia ke 2, penelitian kuantitatif menjadi dominan. Peran penelitian kualitatif direduksi hanya menjadi alat untuk merumuskan hipotesis yang kemudian akan diuji dengan penelitian kuantitatif (Walle 1997). Pendefinisian dan peletakkan peran penelitian kualitatif tersebut juga menjadi argumen yang mendukung metodologi penelitian campuran atau penggunaan</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>mixed-methods</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(lihat misalnya Blaikie 2000; Cooper & Schindler 1998; Creswell 2003). Tentunya peran penelitian kualitatif tidak sekecil itu. Banyak fenomena bisnis kontekstual yang dengan mudah dijelaskan melalui penelitian kualitatif karena teori umum yang dianut tidak berlaku atau memiliki kekuatan penjelas dan/atau prediksi yang lemah.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peneliti pada penelitian kuantitatif harus bersifat imparsial dan “melepaskan” diri dari fenomena yang diteliti. Hal tersebut penting guna mencapai obyektivitas. Peneliti kuantitatif tidak boleh bias dalam melakukan penelitian. Sebaliknya, peneliti kualitatif adalah instrumen utama dalam penelitian. Keterlibatan peneliti merupakan kunci penting untuk memahami kompleksitas suatu fenomena. Peneliti kualitatif berusaha menyelami dan memahami secara empatik apa yang dirasakan dan dipersepsikan oleh para pelaku suatu fenomena. Obyektivitas seperti halnya dalam penelitian kuantitatif tidak dapat dicapai.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">3. Validitas dan Reliabilitas<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melihat perbedaan penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep validitas dan reliabilitas pada kedua penelitian tidak akan kompatibel. Pada penelitian kuantitatif, validitas merujuk pada tingkat kemampuan suatu penelitian mendukung kesimpulan yang dikemukakan, sedangkan reliabilitas merujuk pada konsistensi instrumen dalam melakukan pengukuran (Cooper & Schindler 1998; Creswell 2003; Leedy & Ormrod 2005; Sekaran 2000). Validitas dan realibilitas sangat penting dalam penelitian kuantitatif untuk mencapai obyektivitas dan konsistensi hasil penelitian. Hal tersebut sejalan dengan epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>objectivism</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mencapai validitas dan reliabilitas seperti halnya dalam penelitian kuantitatif sangat sulit karena bukan obyektivitas yang menjadi tujuannya. Dalam penelitian kualitatif, reliabilitas merujuk pada kualitas penelitian itu sendiri (Golafshani 2003). Penelitian kualitatif yang berkualitas baik dapat membantu pemahaman terhadap suatu fenomena yang nampak membingungkan dan kompleks (Myers 1997, 2009; Patton 2001; Stahl & Brooke 2008). Di sisi lain, sejalan dengan epistemologi</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>constructionism </i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak terkait dengan isu reliabilitas karena reliabilitas terkait dengan pengukuran suatu variabel.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terlepas dari perlu tidaknya reliabilitas, setiap penelitian perlu memperhatikan kualitas. Untuk mencapai kualitas yang baik, maka penelitian kualitatif perlu memiliki atribut dapat dipercaya (</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">trustworthiness</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) yang tinggi (Patton 2001; Seale & Silverman 1997; Strauss & Corbin 1990; Williamson 2002). Dalam mencapai tingkat kepercayaan yang tinggi penelitian kualitatif perlu mengungkapkan proses dan temuannya dengan tingkat kerincian yang memadai. Tujuan pengungkapan lengkap dan terinci adalah supaya pembaca dapat memahami konteks penelitian dan hasil-hasil temuan. Pembaca dapat dengan sendirinya menilai apakah proses penelitian dan hasil-hasilnya handal. Pengungkapan yang rinci dan memadai dapat dicapai jika penelitian mampu mengungkap kompleksitas dan perspektif yang berbeda dari suatu fenomena, sejalan dengan paradigma</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>constructivist</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Validitas dan reliabilitas dalam penelitian kuantitatif merujuk juga pada kemampuan prediksi terhadap fenomena sejenis. Suatu penggaris dapat mengukur panjang suatu obyek dengan satuan tertentu. Apapun obyeknya dan siapapun yang melakukan pengukuran, penggaris dapat mengukur panjangnya dengan akurasi tertentu. Demikian juga dengan penelitian kuantitatif dapat menjelaskan fenomena sejenis dengan alat yang sama meskipun dilakukan oleh peneliti yang berbeda. Penelitian kualitatif dengan kedekatannya pada konteks terjadinya fenomena tidak dapat digunakan pada fenomena sejenis dengan konteks berbeda. Suatu fenomena dipengaruhi dan mempengaruhi banyak hal sehingga sulit mendapatkan 2 fenomena yang sama persis. Penelitian kualitatif dapat ditransfer untuk</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b><i>menjelaskan sebagian</i></b> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fenomena sejenis pada konteks yang mirip. Dapat dikatakan setiap penelitian kualitatif akan menghasilkan temuan yang berbeda dan dengan sendirinya solusi yang dihasilkan mungkin sekali berbeda. Banyak fenomena dalam dunia bisnis saat ini memiliki ciri tersebut. Seorang manager yang sukses di satu perusahaan belum tentu akan sukses di perusahaan lain. Dalam mencari solusi masalah bisnis yang unik maka diperlukan proses yang unik pula yang sesuai dengan konteks masalahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penelitian di bidang bisnis, baik kualitatif maupun kuantitatif, idealnya mengarah pada relevansi hasil penelitian dengan tidak meninggalkan kepatuhan terhadap metodologi penelitian. Kedua hal tersebut merupakan suatu</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">continuum (Bennis & O’Toole 2005)</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di satu sisi relevansi kadang meninggalkan kepatuhan tetapi di sisi lain kepatuhan akan mengurangi relevansi. Penelitian kualitatif merupakan metodologi yang mendekatkan celah antara kepatuhan dan relevansi hasil penelitian (Myers 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">4. Pilih yang mana?<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai peneliti mana yang harus kita pilih? Mungkin ini pertanyaan yang muncul setelah membaca perbedaan kedua pendekatan di atas. Crotty (1998) memberikan saran bahwa seorang peneliti selalu mulai dari masalah yang dihadapinya. Penelitian dibangun berdasarkan pada masalah tersebut. Pada tahap perencanaan penelitian, seorang peneliti harus memilih metodologi dan metode yang sesuai dengan masalah yang dihadapinya. Pilihan metodologi dan metode didasarkan pada latar belakang dan kemampuan sang peneliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai peneliti, penulis dibesarkan dalam tradisi penelitian kuantitatif. Ketertarikan pada penelitian kualitatif muncul pada saat skripsi S1. Data yang dimiliki penulis tidak dapat diolah dengan alat statistik berupa uji beda. Pembimbing skripsi penulis saat itu menyarankan untuk “</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menceritakan</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">” perbedaan antara dua kelompok data yang ada. Penulis kemudian menyadari bahwa angka tidak dapat selalu menjelaskan suatu fenomena, perlu adanya pendekatan lain pada masalah penelitian yang saat itu dihadapi penulis. Semenjak itulah ketertarikan penulis pada metode kualitatif muncul dan menguat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Creswell (2003) menyatakan dimungkinkan adanya bauran metode penelitian (</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mixed methods</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Perlu diingat bahwa yang dibaurkan adalah metode dan bukan metodologi, apalagi epistemologi dan perspektif teoritis. Tidak mungkin menggabungkan ethnography dengan eksperimen atau survey. Yang dimungkinkan adalah dalam suatu penelitian</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>ethnography</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">peneliti menggunakan kuesioner dan mengolahnya dengan statistik untuk mendapatkan gambaran secara statistik tentang obyek penelitiannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan pengalaman penulis mengenai penggunaan penelitian kualitatif, seorang peneliti yang dibesarkan dalam tradisi kuantitatif dan ingin mendalami penelitian kualitatif harus mau meninggalkan paradigm positivist. Hal tersebut berat dan mungkin membutuhkan waktu lama. Penelitian apapun mensyaratkan sang peneliti nyaman dan menguasai metodologi penelitian yang digunakannya. Seorang peneliti juga harus memahami landasan metodologi penelitian yang digunakannya, sehingga tidak salah dalam melakukan penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <hr align="center" size="1" width="100%" /> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/kualitatif-vs-kuantitatif/#_ftnref1"><span style="color: #008dcf; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></a></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penulis mengenal metode ilmiah pada mata pelajaran Biologi di kelas 1 SMP.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://systemscraft.wordpress.com/2010/01/19/kualitatif-vs-kuantitatif/#_ftnref2"><span style="color: #008dcf; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></a></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Rigorous</i> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dapat diterjemahkan menjadi bangkar atau kaku tetapi penulis menganggap hal tersebut tidak tepat.</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rigorous</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merujuk kepada kepatuhan terhadap standar suatu proses yang bersifat kaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom: dotted #CCCCCC 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: 6.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted #CCCCCC .75pt; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 3.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Referensi<o:p></o:p></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ambert, A.-M., Adler, P.A., Adler, P. & Detzner, D.F. 1995, ‘Understanding and Evaluating Qualitative Research’,</span><i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Journal of Marriage and the Family</span></i><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol. 57, no. 4,</span><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pp. 879-893.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Avison, D. & Myers, M. 2005, ‘Qualitative Research’, in D. Avison & J. 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mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd edn, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Crotty, M. 1998,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>The Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in The Research Process</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; 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font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd edn, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Myers, M.D. 1997, ‘Qualitative Research in Information Systems’,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>MIS Quarterly</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol. 21, no. 2,</span><b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pp. 241-242.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Myers, M.D. 2009,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Qualitative Research in Business and Management</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Sage Publications, Los Angeles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Patton, M.Q. 2001,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods </i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3rd edn, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. 2007,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Research Methods for Business Students</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 4th edn, FT Prentice Hall, Harlow.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; 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font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Communications of the ACM</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol. 51, no. 3,pp. 51-55.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. 1990,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Sage Publications, Newbury Park.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walle, A.H. 1997, ‘Quantitative versus Qualitative Tourism Research’,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Annals of Tourism Research</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol. 24, no. 3,pp. 524-536.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Williamson, K. 2002,</span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Research Methods for Students, Academic and Professionals: Information Management and Systems</i></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd edn, Centre for Information Studies, Wagga Wagga.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-3791875038719422422011-01-21T02:37:00.000-08:002011-01-21T02:37:11.043-08:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">MEMAHAMI METODE KUALITATIF </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Gumilar Rusliwa Somantri Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">E-mail: gsomantri@yahoo.com </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Abstrak </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metode penelitian kualitatif secara luas telah digunakan dalam berbagai penelitian sosial termasuk sosiologi. Terdapat beberapa kesimpangsiuran dalam memahami metode kualitatif yang seringkali dianggap sebagai pelengkap dari metode kuantitatif. Penelitian pustaka ini ingin mendiskusikan beragam isu terkait dengan kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam metode penelitian kualitatif. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa metode kualitatif secara potensial dapat berguna dalam menyumbangkan pembangunan teori-teori ilmu sosial serta metodologi dalam konteks ke-Indonesiaan. Lebih dari itu, penggunaan metode penelitian kualitatif dapat membawa ilmu sosial khususnya sosiologi di Indonesia berada dalam posisi setara dalam dialog peradaban dengan sesama komunitas akademik di Barat. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Abstract </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Qualitative method has been widely be adopted in research practices in Indonesian tradition of social sciences including sociology. However, it seems there is misunderstanding on the method that is seen as additional to the quantitative one. This literature study intend to discuss related issues to the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative method. We do conclude here, that the method has productive potential for fostering the develomment of social theories as well as methodology in the context of Indonesian world. Hence, it is possible to bring Indonesian social sciences especially sociology into equal position of future dialog with the counterparts from the Western communities. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Keywords: qualitative method, method in practice, theorizing, contextualization, relevancy </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1. Pendahuluan </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metodologi secara umum didefinisikan sebagai ”a body of methods and rules followed in science or discipline”. Sedangkan metode sendiri adalah ”a regular systematic plan for or way of doing something”. Kata metode berasal dari istilah Yunani methodos (meta+bodos) yang artinya cara.1 Jadi, metode penelitian sosial adalah cara sistematik yang digunakan peneliti dalam pengumpulan data yang diperlukan dalam proses identifikasi dan penjelasan fenomena sosial yang tengah ditelisiknya. Secara dikotomis, dalam ilmu sosial dikenal dua jenis metode penelitian yaitu kuantitatif dan kualitatif.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2. Metode Penelitian </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Tulisan ini merupakan penelitian pustaka yang memusatkan perhatian pada isu-isu penting seputar metode kualitatif. Kajian ini berangkat dari suatu cara pandang bahwa metode kualitatif banyak disalahartikan secara aneka ragam, seperti ”gampangan”, rumit, bahkan dianggap inferior dan marginal dibandingkan saudara tirinya, metode kuantitatif. Salah satu penyebab mendasar dari hal ini adalah para peneliti kualitatif gagal memahami dan menerapkan prinsip-prinsip metode ini secara benar. Pertanyaan penelitian kami adalah bagaimana kita memahami metode kualitatif agar dapat menghasilkan kajian produktif dan berguna dalam ilmu sosial, khususnya sosiologi di Indonesia? </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">1 Lihat Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary , (New York: Black Dog and Leventhan Publ. Inc, 1994), hlm. 631.2 Dalam metode penelitian sosial, dimungkinkan seorang peneliti menggabungkan kedua metode tersebut. Penjelasan yang cukup lengkap mengenai hal tersebut dapat dilihat dalam Abbas Tashakkori & Charles Teddlie(eds), Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research, (Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publ. Inc, 2003). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Dalam rangka menjawab pertanyaan di atas, kami melakukan penelusuran pustaka yang akan dituangkan dalam beberapa sub bahasan. Diskusi kritis mengenai kekuatan dan kelemahan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif akan dibahas pada bagian dua. Bagian ini penting dikemukakan, agar kita semua melihat secara jelas kesetaraan metodologi. Yaitu, masing-masing metode mempunyai paradigma teoritik, gaya, asumsi </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">paradimatik, serta kekuatan dan kelemahan sendiri. Bagian tiga dari tulisan ini akan menguraikan secara lengkap jenis, orientasi dan prinsip dasar metode kualitatif. Diskusi mengenai hal ini adalah mendasar, karena seringkali kita keliru dalam menempatkan metode dalam konteks penelitian yang bersifat idiografis. Sedangkan perdebatan seputar metode kualitatif dalam praktek penelitian sosial dibahas pada bagian keempat. Pada bagian ini akan diskusikan metode sebagai proses “sell” and “trade”, ranah data kualitatif dan dimensi etika. Bagian kelima akan diisi oleh uraian mengenai “penteorian” metode kualitatif. Diskusi di bagian ini memperlihatkan keterjalinan antara metode dan teori yang merupakan ciri dari sosiologi kualitatif. Bagian penutup akan berisi catatan mengenai kontribusi metode kualitatif pada pengembangan ilmu sosial khususnya sosiologi di Indonesia. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3. Analisis dan Interpretasi Data </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3.1. Metode Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif dalam Perbandingan </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif berkembang terutama dari akar filosofis dan teori sosial abad ke-20. Kedua metode penelitian di atas mempunyai paradigma teoritik, gaya, dan asumsi paradigmatik penelitian yang berbeda. Masing-masing memuat kekuataan dan keterbatasan, mempunyai topik dan isu penelitian sendiri, serta menggunakan cara pandang berbeda untuk melihat realitas sosial. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metode kuantitatif berakar pada paradigma tradisional, positivistik, eksperimental atau empiricist. Metode ini berkembang dari tradisi pemikiran empiris Comte, Mill, Durkeim, Newton dan John Locke. “Gaya” penelitian kuantitatif biasanya mengukur fakta objektif melalui konsep yang diturunkan pada variabel-variabel dan dijabarkan pada indikator-indikator dengan memperhatikan aspek reliabilitas. Penelitian kuantitatif bersifat bebas nilai dan konteks, mempunyai banyak “kasus” dan subjek yang diteliti, sehingga dapat ditampilkan dalam bentuk data statistik yang berarti. Hal penting untuk dicatat di sini adalah, peneliti “terpisah” dari subjek yang ditelitinya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Sementara metode kualitatif dipengaruhi oleh paradigma naturalistik-interpretatif Weberian, perspektif post-positivistik kelompok teori kritis serta post-modernisme seperti dikembangkan oleh Baudrillard, Lyotard, dan Derrida (Cresswell, 1994). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">“Gaya” penelitian kualitatif berusaha mengkonstruksi realitas dan memahami maknanya. Sehingga, penelitian kualitatif biasanya sangat memperhatikan proses, peristiwa dan otentisitas. Memang dalam penelitian kualitatif kehadiran nilai peneliti bersifat eksplisit dalam situasi yang terbatas, melibatkan subjek dengan jumlah relatif sedikit. Dengan demikian, hal yang umum dilakukan ia berkutat dengan analisa tematik. Peneliti kualitatif biasanya terlibat dalam interaksi dengan realitas yang ditelitinya.3 Sebagaimana dijelaskan sebelumnya, metode penelitian mempunyai pula asumsi paradigmatik. John W. Cresswell menilik beberapa dimensi asumsi paradigmatik yang membedakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan kualitatif. Dimensidimensi tersebut mencakup ontologis, epistemologis, axiologis, retorik, serta pendekatan metodologis. Secara ontologis, peneliti kuantitatif memandang realitas sebagai “objektif” dan dalam kacamata “out there”, serta independen dari dirinya. Sementara itu, peneiliti kualitatif memandang realitas merupakan hasil rekonstruksi oleh individu yang terlibat dalam situasi sosial. Secara epistemologis, peneliti kuantitatif bersikap independen dan menjaga jarak (detachment) dengan realitas yang diteliti. Sementara peneliti kualitatif, menjalin interaksi secara intens dengan realitas yang ditelitinya. Secara retoris atau penggunaan bahasa, penelitian kuantitatif biasanya menggunakan bahasa-bahasa penelitian yang bersifat formal dan impersonal melalui angka atau data-data statistik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Dengan demikian, terminologi atau konsep-konsep yang jamak ditemukan dalam penelitian kuantitatif misalnya “relationship” dan ”comparison”. Sementara, penelitian kualitatif kerap ditandai penggunaan bahasa informal dan personal seperti “understanding”, “discover”, dan “meaning”. Secara metodologis, penelitian kuantitatif lekat dengan penggunaan logika deduktif dimana teori dan hipotesis diuji dalam logika sebab akibat. Desain yang bersifat statis digunakan melalui penetapan konsep-konsep, variabel penelitian serta hipotesis. Sementara itu, penelitian kualitatif lebih mengutamakan penggunaan logika induktif dimana kategorisasi dilahirkan dari perjumpaan peneliti dengan informan di lapangan atau data-data yang ditemukan. Sehingga penelitian kualitatif bericirikan informasi yang berupa ikatan konteks yang akan menggiring pada pola-pola atau teori yang akan menjelaskan fenomena sosial (Creswell, 1994: 4-7). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3.2. Jenis, Orientasi dan Prinsip Dasar Metode Kualitatif </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Setidaknya, terdapat lima jenis metode penelitian kualitatif yang banyak dipergunakan, yaitu: (1) observasi terlibat; (2) analisa percakapan; (3) analisa </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">3 Keterlibatan dan interaksi peneliti kualitatif dengan realitas yang diamatinya merupakan salah satu ciri mendasar dari metode penelitian ini. Jary and Jary mendefinisikan istilah qualitative research techniques sebagai setiap penelitian di mana ilmuwan sosial mencurahkan kemampuan sebagai pewawancara atau pengamat empatis dalam rangka mengumpulkan data yang unik mengenai permasalahan yang ia investigasi, lihat David Jary and Julia Jary, Dictionary of Sociology, (Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991), hlm. 513. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Tabel 1. “Gaya” Penelitian Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sumber: W. Lawrence Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, (Needham Heights, MA: Allyn& Bacon, 1997), hlm. 14. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Sumber: John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, (California: Sage Publications, Inc, 1994), hlm. 5. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpqIHPECKFGO4qanERT8l1ZrSfIjyG0eMqmDQJxk1_rVwouFDxTSFn8L2gFodsd3iX087tAFRBWe2X39-k8UPHbhyphenhyphenjzvXWoNJwG3ydTVbRwg8OrwvupuNazObnsg50pj8CjCTixsfd2yY/s1600/FFF.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpqIHPECKFGO4qanERT8l1ZrSfIjyG0eMqmDQJxk1_rVwouFDxTSFn8L2gFodsd3iX087tAFRBWe2X39-k8UPHbhyphenhyphenjzvXWoNJwG3ydTVbRwg8OrwvupuNazObnsg50pj8CjCTixsfd2yY/s1600/FFF.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">wacana; (4) analisa isi; dan (5) pengambilan data memperhatikan analisa dari kompetensi-kompetensi ethnografis. Observasi terlibat biasanya melibatkan komunikatif yang mendasari aktivitas sosial sehari-hari seorang peneliti kualitatif langsung dalan setting sosial. (Gubrium et.al.,, 1992: 1577). Ia mengamati, secara lebih kurang “terbuka”, di dalam aneka ragam keanggotaan dari peranan-peranan subjek Discourse analysis lebih tertarik pada penggunaan yang ditelitinya (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1577). Analisa bahasa. Peneliti, dalam kaitan ini, mempunyai perhatian percakapan pada umumnya memusatkan perhatian pada yang besar pada praktek dan kontekstualitas (Gubrium percakapan dalam sebuah interaksi. Peneliti et.al., 1992: 1577). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Content analysis (analisa isi) mengkaji dokumendokumen berupa kategori umum dari makna. Peneliti dapat menganalisis aneka ragam dokumen, dari mulai kertas pribadi (surat, laporan psikiatris) hingga sejarah kepentingan manusia (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1577). Pengambilan data ethnografis relatif tidak terstruktur. Peneliti biasanya memfokuskan diri pada penggalian tekstur dan alir pengalaman-pengalaman selektif dari responden melalui proses interaksi peneliti dan subjek yang ditelitinya dengan teknik wawancara mendalam secara “bebas” (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1577). Dalam sosiologi, penelitian ethnografis mulai berkembang pada akhir 1960an-1970an ketika metodologi survey dan dasar filosofis pendorongnya menjadi sasaran kritik (Goldthorpe, 2000: 65). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">W. Lawrence Neuman mencoba mengidentifikasi 4 faktor yang terkait dengan orientasi dalam penelitian yang menggunakan metode kualitatif. Orientasi pertama terkait dengan pendekatan yang digunakan terhadap data. Metode kualitatif memperlakukan data sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna secara intrinsik. Dengan demikian, data yang ada dalam penelitian kualitatif bersifat “lunak”, tidak sempurna, imaterial, kadangkala kabur dan seorang peneliti kualitatif tidak akan pernah mampu mengungkapkan semuanya secara sempurna. Namun demikian, data yang ada dalam penelitian kualitatif bersifat empiris, terdiri dari dokumentasi ragam peristiwa, rekaman setiap ucapan, kata dan gestures dari objek kajian, tingkah laku yang spesifik, dokumen-dokumen tertulis, serta berbagai imaji visual yang ada dalam sebuah fenomena sosial (Neuman, 1997: 328). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Orientasi kedua adalah penggunaan perspektif yang non-positivistik. Penelitian kualitatif secara luas menggunakan pendekatan interpretatif dan kritis pada masalah-masalah sosial. Peneliti kualitatif memfokuskan dirinya pada makna subjektif, pendefinisian, metapora, dan deskripsi pada kasus-kasus yang spesifik (Neuman, 1997: 329). Peneliti kualitatif berusaha menjangkau berbagai aspek dari dunia sosial termasuk atmosfer yang membentuk suatu objek amatan yang sulit ditangkap melalui pengukuran yang presisif atau diekspresikan dalam angka. Dengan demikian, penelitian kualitatif lebih bersifat transendental, termasuk di dalamnya memiliki tujuan menghilangkan keyakinan palsu yang terbentuk pada sebuah objek kajian. Penelitian kualitatif berusaha memperlakukan objek kajian tidak sebagai objek, namun lebih sebagai proses kreatif dan mencerna kehidupan sosial sebagai sesuatu yang “dalam” dan penuh gelegak. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Orientasi ketiga adalah penggunaan logika penelitian yang bersifat “logic in pratice”. Penelitian sosial mengikuti dua bentuk logika yaitu logika yang direkonstruksi (reconstructed logic) dan logika dalam praktek (logic in practice). Metode kuantitatif mengikuti logika yang direkonstruksi dimana metode diorganisir, diformalkan dan disistematisir secara ketat. Sementara pada metode kualitatif, penelitian secara aktual dijalankan secara tidak teratur, lebih ambigu, dan terikat pada kasus-kasus spesifik. Hal ini tentu saja, mengurangi perangkat aturan dan menggantungkan diri pada prosedur informal yang dibangun oleh pengalaman-pengalaman di lapangan yang ditemukan si peneliti (Neuman, 1997: 330). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Orientasi keempat dari metode kualitatif adalah ditempuhnya langkah-langkah penelitian yang bersifat non-linear. Dalam metode kuantitatif, seorang peneliti biasanya dihadapkan pada langkah-langkah penelitian yang bersifat pasti dan tetap dengan panduan yang jelas sehingga disebut sebagai langkah yang linear. Sementara itu, metode penelitian kualitatif lebih memberikan ruang bagi penelitinya untuk menempuh langkah non-linear dan siklikal, kadangkala melakukan upaya “kembali” pada langkah-langkah penelitian yang sudah ditempuhnya dalam menjalani proses penelitian (Neuman, 1997: 330-331). Hal ini tidak berarti kualitas riset menjadi rendah, namun lebih pada cara untuk dapat menjalankan orientasi dalam mengkonstruksikan makna. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Sementara itu, Lincoln dan Guba mengajukan empat hal penting yang merefleksikan paradigma kualitatif ketika seorang peneliti hendak mengajukan proposal penelitian kualitatifnya. Pertama, kredibilitas yang bertujuan untuk mendemonstrasikan bahwa penyelidikan yang dilakukan telah selaras dengan kaidah-kaidah ilmiah. Hal ini untuk memastikan identifikasi dan deskripsi masalah penelitian secara akurat. Penyelidikan dan penelitian harus mengikuti aturan main “credible to the constructors and the original multiple realities” (Marshall et.al., 1989: 144-147) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Kedua, transferability yang menyangkut kemampuan untuk demostrasi aplikasi temuan penelitian dalam konteks yang berbeda. Triangulasi dapat dijadikan rujukan untuk dapat mencapai transferability dari suatu penelitian kualitatif. Ketiga, dependability dimana peneliti berusaha untuk mencermati perubahan kondisi pada fenomena sosial yang dikajinya sebagaimana ia menyesuaikan desai studi untuk menyaring pemahaman pada setting sosial. Yang terakhir adalah confirmability, yang bisa disepadankan dengan objektivitas. Dalam hal ini, peneliti kualitatif dituntut untuk menghasilkan temuan yang dapat dikonfirmasikan oleh pihak lain (Marshall et.al., 1989: 144-147). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3.3. Metode Kualitatif dalam Praktek </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metode kualitatif berkembang mengikuti suatu dalil sebagai proses yang tidak pernah berhenti (unfinished process). Ia berkembang dari proses pencarian dan penangkapan makna yang diberikan oleh suatu realitas dan fenomena sosial.4 Seorang peneliti yang berkecimpung dalam penelitian kualitatif “konvensional” sering mengalami proses sell and trade. Proses ini dapat difahami pada dua gejala. Pertama, peneliti terlibat secara interaktif dengan subjek, dan berperan dalam membentuk realitas baru. Demikian juga sebaliknya, realitas secara interaktif memperkaya pengetahuan dan makna sosial seorang peneliti. Kedua, peneliti dan “subjek” terlibat dalam proses “pertukaran” sehingga interaksi dapat berjalan. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Hal yang seringkali terjadi pada peneliti kualitatif adalah lepasnya kontrol untuk menjaga sikap dan statusnya ketika ia terjun ke lapangan. Positioning seorang peneliti kualitatif menjadi salah satu kunci keberhasilan untuk mendapatkan data-data yang otentik. Kerap terjadi hubungan unequal antara peneliti dengan realitas yang ditelitinya. Tentu saja, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan bias dari data yang digali bahkan proses interaksi berlangsung secara tidak wajar dan memuat struktur “hiden feodalism”. Sebagai contoh, seorang peneliti yang memiliki status sosial sebagai kelas menengah atas, mengenakan pakaian yang sangat bersih dan rapi, berbicara dengan bahasa formal dan menunjukkan otoritas pengetahuan yang “berbeda” saat meneliti petani kecil di pedesaan. Ketika “uniformitas” sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya yang lekat pada si peneliti lupa untuk ditanggalkan dalam proses penelitian, maka akan terjadi hubungan timpang yang dilegalisasi oleh kultur patron-klien petani. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Terkait dengan pencarian data di lapangan, seorang peneliti kualitatif dituntut untuk secara jeli mengumpulkan data-data yang ada. Hal ini kerapkali menyulitkan karena tidak setiap permasalahan penelitian yang menarik dan signifikan, mudah dilakukan pencarian datanya. Data di lapangan dapat dipetakan ke dalam 4 ranah: front stage-disclosed (FSD), back stage-disclosed (BSD), front stage-enclosed (FSE), serta back stage-enclosed (BSE). Pada ranah data FSD, data relatif mudah didapatkan dan dikumpulkan. Dalam ranah data FSD ini, peneliti kualitatif pemula yang tidak terlalu berpengalaman dapat memperoleh informasi karena yang dibutuhkan hanya data-data yang ada di permukaan. Misalnya data-data informan yang terkait dengan usia dan pekerjaan (kecuali pekerjaan-pekerjaan tertentu yang ilegal/ melanggar norma) bisa dengan mudah didapatkan seorang peneliti kualitatif. Pada ranah data BSD, tingkat kesulitan sudah lebih tinggi. Di ranah ini, seorang </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">4 Metode kualitatif merupakan bagian dari proses pengetahuan yang dapat dianggap sebagai produk sosial dan juga proses sosial. Pengetahuan sebagai sebuah proses setidaknya memiliki tiga prinsip dasar yakni empirisisme yang berpangku pada fakta dan data, objektivitas dan kontrol. Lihat Royce Singleton, Jr, Bruce C. Straits, Margaret M. Straits and Ronald </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">J. McAllister, Approaches to Social Research, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), hlm. 28-37 </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">peneliti kualitatif tidak saja membutuhkan keahlian (skill) dan pengalaman penelitian. Namun ia dituntut untuk menumbuhkan rasa percaya (trust) dengan subjek yang ditelitinya. Disamping itu, pada ranah data BSD seringkali peneliti perlu melakukan triangulasi untuk mendapatkan data yang akurat dan otentik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Pada ranah data FSE, seorang peneliti kualitatif seringkali dihadapkan pada permasalahan etika dan hubungannya dengan informan. Dalam konteks ini, seringkali muncul data yang berpengaruh pada penelitian namun bersifat tertutup. Sebagai contoh, ketika seorang peneliti kualitatif mengkaji masalah pengambilan putusan di dalam keluarga, ia dihadapkan pada fakta bahwa seorang anak si informan hamil di luar nikah. Tentu saja, hal ini bisa ditanyakan pada si informan karena secara “objektif” fakta ini dapat dianggap memiliki hubungan dengan bagaimana si informan mengambil keputusan di dalam keluarganya. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Masalah muncul ketika si peneliti mencoba melihat dimensi etis dalam pertanyaannya serta implikasinya terhadap “kedekatan” hubungannya dengan informan. Jalan tengah yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan merahasiakan identitas informan melalui pseudonim, walaupun langkah ini belum tentu akan menghilangkan gangguan hubungan selanjutnya antara si peneliti dengan informan. Ranah data terakhir adalah BSE yang merupakan ranah data yang paling sulit untuk didapatkan. Pada ranah data ini, seorang peneliti kualitatif membutuhkan waktu, keahlian, pengalaman, kesabaran, ketekunan yang ekstra untuk dapat mengungkapkan realitas yang ditelitinya. Skandal hubungan politik, kolusi, korupsi, “tabu”, adalah contoh-contoh realitas sosial pada ranah data ini. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Metode kualitatif sebagaimana metode-metode penelitian lainnya, dipagari dengan etika penelitian. Perlu disampaikan bahwa dalam setiap penelitian, baik dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif maupun kualitatif seorang peneliti dihadapkan pada dua sikap profesional yang harus melekat. Sikap pertama adalah pengetahuan yang mencukupi untuk memahami teknik-teknik penelitian. Sikap kedua adalah sensitivitas pada aspek etika dalam melakukan penelitian (Neuman, 1997: 443-444). Etika penelitian memiliki akar tradisi yang kuat dalam ilmu sosial sebagaimana terungkap dalam sifat bebas nilai dari eksperimetalisme, netralitas dari tradisi Weberian hingga etika utilitarian (Christians, “Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research”, dalam Denzin et.al.,(eds), 2000: 133-152). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Dalam menjaga sikap kedua ini, seorang peneliti kualitatif sering dihadapkan pada serangkaian dilema. Dilema-dilema tersebut antara lain penyamaran identitas informan, kerahasiaan, keterlibatan dengan para deviant, hubungan dengan kekuasaan, serta dalam proses </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUQ1Dsx6AmwmW2Fw1EyDWwXt24KgPEHBtBWf1MXuCA9EygxbDjgt8hfh2f-6KI6p2erNlSVEQMy4VRSl9YtfAWyWBziILLQNZTGonhSWG5F7RzHC9gYHHH1j1fuX6j82zvlp78kPWEI0/s1600/TABEL+2.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="489" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUQ1Dsx6AmwmW2Fw1EyDWwXt24KgPEHBtBWf1MXuCA9EygxbDjgt8hfh2f-6KI6p2erNlSVEQMy4VRSl9YtfAWyWBziILLQNZTGonhSWG5F7RzHC9gYHHH1j1fuX6j82zvlp78kPWEI0/s640/TABEL+2.bmp" width="640" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_0"
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Gambar 1. Pemetaan data lapangan: front stage-disclosed (FSD), back stage-disclosed (BSD), front stage-enclosed (FSE), serta back stage-enclosed (BSE). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">diseminasi hasil penelitiannya. Identitas dan kerahasiaan informan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan anonim atau pseudonim. Dalam konteks hubungan kekuasaan, seorang peneliti harus berani menembus elit kekuasaan yang berpotensi melakukan blokade atas penelitian terutama yang terkait dengan kelompok-kelompok yang nir kekuasaan. Masalah yang cukup pelik adalah ketika seorang peneliti dihadapkan pada dilema tanggung jawab menjaga privasi informan dengan tanggung jawab bahwa pengetahuan akan sebuah fakta sosial harus diketahui. Posisi kompromis yang dapat dilakukan adalah melakukan publikasi atas material yang tak mengenakkan tersebut hanya jika dibutuhkan ketika seorang peneliti hendak membangun argumen yang kuat dan luas. Perhatian pada masalah etika bergerak ke persoalan penyimpangan yang bisa terjadi dalam penelitian kualitatif, mulai dari penyimpangan ilmiah dalam hal pengumpulan data, metode atau plagiarisme (Neuman, 1997: 443-473) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Dalam hubungan dengan informan atau realitas yang ditelitinya, seorang peneliti kualitatif dituntut untuk mengedepankan prinsip kesukarelaan informan untuk memberikan data yang dibutuhkan. Kesukarelaan ini harus dibarengi dengan keharusan peneliti menjaga privasi, identitas serta kerahasiaan informan. Demikian juga halnya dalam hubungan peneliti dengan pemerintah dan funding yang memiliki otoritas dan kekuasaan untuk membatasi proses penelitian. Pegangan peneliti kualitatif pada aspek-aspek etika merupakan hal yang sangat fundamental. Prinsip kesukarelaan juga berarti seorang peneliti kualitatif dituntut untuk tidak merugikan subjek penelitian, menjaga privasinya, serta menghindarkan konflik kepentingan (conflict of interest). Prinsip lain yang tidak kalah pentingnya adalah memperhatikan prinsip persetujuan memberi informasi (informed consent) dari subjek penelitian. Dalam prinsip ini, partisipan penelitian diberikan informasi yang utuh mengenai berbagai aspek penelitian yang dapat mempengaruhi terlibat tidaknya subjek tersebut berpartisipasi dalam penelitian tersebut (Ruane, 2005: 16-29). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3.4. “Penteorian” Metode Kualitatif </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Konsep “penteorian metode kualitatif” merujuk pada keterjalinan antara teori dengan metode. Dalam konteks ini, teori dan metode dilihat sebagai dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan (insparable). Dalam tradisi sosiologi kualitatif terdapat dua pola dikotomis keterjalinan. Pertama, metode pengumpulan data seperti wawancara ethnografis, pengamatan dan lain-lain dapat dipergunakan dengan “warna” yang berbeda tergantung oleh bagaimana ia secara teoritik diinformasikan. Kedua, teori pada saat yang bersamaan juga adalah metode. Pada bagian tulisan ini akan dibahas “penteorian” metode mulai dari yang klasik hingga perkembangan baru. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bentuk paling klasik “penteorian” metode dapat ditemukan dalam tradisi interaksionisme simbolik. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Herbert Blumer membangun suatu landasan teoritis yang pada dasarnya “mensituasikan” makna dalam interaksi sosial. Ia berangkat dari tiga premis pokok: (1) aktor bertindak dalam ruang dan makna yang diberikan objek serta peristiwa; (2) makna biasanya muncul di luar interaksi sosial, dan aktor mengkonstruksi makna secara masing-masing; (3) makna dirubah dalam proses interaksi. Landasan teoritik Blumer implisit memperlihatkan, bahwa interaksionisme simbolik tertarik mengkaji makna historis dan organisasi sosial dari makna yang bersifat “jadi”, berserakan, dan menjadi pembentuk utama realitas sosial. Secara metode pengumpulan data, tradisi ini banyak melakukan proses ethnografis termasuk mengembangkan “life-history”, pengamatan terlibat, bahkan analisa dokumen. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Salah satu perkembangan penting dari interaksionisme simbolik pada waktu itu adalah mereka menaruh minat yang dalam pada definisi dan pemahaman asli (native understanding) dari makna dan organisasi sosialnya. Memang pandangan ini bersifat “naturalistik” dan dianut secara luas dalam interaksionisme simbolis. Mereka memegang semboyan “go out there, to where the action is” (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1579). Dengan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data “konvensional” (partisipasi terlibat, analisa dokumen pribadi, dan wawancara ethnografis), mereka mengungkap aneka makna dari kehidupan dalam bahasa masing-masing makna tersebut melalui pencarian detil dan deskripsi yang akurat (Babbie, 2001: 281-282). Perunutan teoritis dari metode, yang mendasari “naturalisme” di atas, pada mulanya hanya merupakan desain informal dari riset. Ia lebih merupakan “tradisi oral” ketimbang metodologi “formal”. Hingga akhirnya Barney Glaser dan Anselm Strauss secara eksplisit mengemukakan strategi penelitian kualitatif, yang mereka beri nama grounded theory approach (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1579). Menurut mereka tujuan dari sosiologi kualitatif adalah menemukan teori dari empiri. Jadi, seorang peneliti bukan memformulasikan teori sebelum ia mengamati secara empiris, namun ia masuk dalam kehidupan nyata kemudian menggali, mengidentifikasi, serta mengangkat makna-makna dan organisasi sosialnya ke permukaan. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Penteorian metode kualitatif dapat pula ditemukan dalam ethnomedologi Harold Garfinkel yang memusatkan perhatian pada mendokumentasikan proses-proses yang bertalian dengan produksi dan pengelolaan karakter terorganisir dari realitas seharihari. Tradisi ini kontras dengan interaksionisme simbolik yang menerima bulat-bulat bahwa makna adalah “out there” serta dapat ditemukan dalam sirkumstansi asli para subjek. Ethnometodologi membongkar “asumsi” tersebut melalui pendokumentasian proses-proses “by which meaning are assigned to experince to produce a sense of reality or social order”. Aspek kualitatif dari pendekatan ini adalah mensfesifikasi metode para subjek untuk mengartikulasikan dan memahami realitas dalam domain pengalaman tertentu. Garfinkel memperlihatkan melalui eksperimennya bagaimana para subjek memproduksi dan melanjutkan “a sense of reality” dalam situasi tertentu. Eksperimen, dikenal sebagai “breaching experiment”, memperlihatkan bagaimana subjek mengembangkan perilaku anomalis terhadap suatu keadaan yang selama ini diterima begitu saja. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Perbedaan antara interaksionisme simbolis dan ethnomethodologi seperti dibahas di atas menggugah beberapa sosiolog kualitatif untuk melakukan kombinasi. Tradisi ini dikenal sebagai ethnografi praktis (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1579). Produksi makna diperlakukan sebagai persoalan praktis terletak dalam, dan dipengaruhi oleh, setting-setting kongkrit. Gambaran aktor adalah sebagai seorang pelaksana dari kehidupan sehari-hari. Tugas seorang pelaksana adalah mempergunakan perhitungan, ide-ide, dan kategorikategori yang diakui secara luas serta tersedia secara lokal pada jenis, desain dan pelaksanaan dari rencana sebuah tindakan bermakna. Melalui proses ini maka seseorang menjalani kehidupan sehari-hari dengan kesadaran atas realitas. Konsep dan kategori tersedia secara terus menerus namun berkembang. Hal inilah yang dirujuk sebagai kebudayaan dan memberikan sumber bagi pemaknaan peristiwa dan objek. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Kebudayaan lokal terdiri dari makna-makna dari benda yang bersifat “mungkin”, dan bukan aktual. Penekanan ini bukan saja dekat dengan fokus subtantif dari interaksionisme simbolis dalam mengkaji makna, tetapi juga menekankan kerja komunikatif sehari-hari dalam memilih, mendisain, dan membentuk makna melalui praktek interaksional yang membangun realitas seharihari. Makna yang “mungkin” dari objek dan peristiwa tersedia secara lokal amat aneka ragam. Ia secara sosial didistribusikan. Keanekaragaman di atas memungkinkan pelaksana dan pengelolaan makna dalam kehidupan sehari hari penuh keleluasaan. Penekanan ini jelas meminjam dari pemikiran ethnometodologis: realitas kehidupan sehari-hari merupakan sebuah pembentukan yang penuh seni. Dalam proses pembentukan ini, kualitas produktif interaksi dihubungkan dengan konsen kualitatif tradisional pada struktur dunia sosial. Orientasi analitis dari ethnografi praktis didasarkan pada tehnik ethnografi tradisional dari metodologi kualitatif (partisipasi terlibat, wawancara ethnografis, dan analisa isi). Akan tetapi ia mengembangkan suatu pendekatan ke arah praktek deskriptif (analisa percakapan biasa dan practical reasoning) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">“Penteorian” metode dalam sosiologi kualitatif kini berkembang luas sejalan dengan munculnya tradisitradisi pemikiran baru dalam sosiologi kualitatif. Misalnya kita dapat merujuk pada tradisi feminis. Mereka mendasari diri pada argumen bahwa berbicara dan mendengarkan dari kaca mata wanita mempunyai implikasi pada metode kualitatif. Marjorie Devault mengemukakan bahwa metode kualitatif berguna secara khusus untuk membedakan dan menganalisa kualitas pengalaman yang bertalian dengan gender. Metode di atas tampaknya kini tidak mencukupi lagi. Interview ethnografis tradisional tidak mampu menyentuh keanekaragaman eksistensial dan kategorikal. Ia mengatakan observasi terlibat dan wawancara ethnografis bukan saja hanya menggali data dari seting dan subjek, namun mengarahkan pewawancara dan yang diwawancarai mengkonstruksi pengalaman secara berbeda. Wanita mengkonstruksi pengalaman secara berbeda dengan pria. Ia dikenal dengan ungkapan: “technique itself is gendered” (Gubrium et.al., 1992: 1579) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Penteorian dari metode berkembang pesat di tradisi dekonstruksionis seperti Jacques Derrida, Jean Baudrillard, dan Norman Denzin (Baudrillard, 1983, Derrida, 1993, Denzin, 1990: 1577-1580). Mereka memperkenalkan “indeterminancy of meaning”. Denzin berangkat dari dekonstruksi kesusastraan dan mengaitkannya secara langsung dengan kehidupan sosial. Ia mengatakan bahwa tidak terdapat tata aturan tindakan yang menentukan bagi berlakunya makna dari objek dan peristiwa (Denzin, 1990: 1577-1580). Kita hanya menemukan “continuous play of difference”. Sementara posisi ini menggarisbawahi variasi dan diskresi, ia mengabaikan makna dari organisasi sosial. Metode tradisional sosiologi kualitatif digantikan analisa inventif-reflesif dari teks: dekat pada tradisi the new literary criticism. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Perkembangan lain terjadi di bidang semiotik: the science of sign. Peter Manning menawarkan opsi lain dari metode kualitatif. Manning bergerak dari detail data ethnografis menuju taksonomi formal praktek-praktek yang bertalian dengan kehidupan sehari-hari. Sistem “signs” dan “sign” memberikan sejumlah isi dari makna dalam kehidupan sosial. Mengambil “bahasa” sebagai model kehidupan, pendekatan ini tidak memberikan tawaran pemahaman yang dicari, yaitu mengidentifikasi tata aturan dan prinsip yang mengarahkan kita pada pemahaman proses objek mengkomunikasikan makna. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4. Kesimpulan </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Penelitian kualitatif berusaha untuk mengangkat secara ideografis berbagai fenomena dan realitas sosial. Pembangunan dan pengembangan teori sosial khususnya sosiologi dapat dibentuk dari empiri melalui berbagai fenomena atau kasus yang diteliti. Dengan demikian teori yang dihasilkan mendapatkan pijakan yang kuat pada realitas, bersifat kontekstual dan historis. Metode penelitian kualitatif membuka ruang yang cukup bagi dialog ilmu dalam konteks yang berbeda, terutama apabila ia difahami secara mendalam dan “tepat”. Dalam kaitan ini, serangkaian karakter, jenis dan dimensi dalam metode kualitatif memberikan janji kepada ilmuwan sosial di Indonesia, terutama di bidang sosiologi, untuk dapat mengembangkan ilmu sosial dan metode pada format yang lebih otonom. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Ilmu sosial di tanah air seringkali dihadapkan pada persoalan-persoalan kurangnya orisinalitas, ketidaksesuaian antara asumsi dan kenyataan, ketidakterapan, alienasi, terjebak pada kajian yang remeh, dan kekeliruan yang mewabah dalam berbagai tingkat: mulai dari tingkat metaanalisis, teori, kajian empiris, dan pada ilmu sosial terapan (Alatas, 2003: 1-23). Hal ini berakibat pada munculnya ketergantungan akademik dan ”mental tahanan”. Dengan penggunaan metode kualitatif yang bersandar pada kaidah-kaidah ilmiah, diharapkan ilmu sosial dalam hal ini sosiologi, menemukan jati dirinya dalam menangkap orisinalitas, ketepatan, dan membumi atas semesta permasalahan sosial di bumi Indonesia. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">Dengan demikian, mencari relevansi dan kontekstualisasi adalah penting sebagai orientasi ilmu sosial Indonesia ke depan. Dengan strategi seperti ini diharapkan ilmu sosial Indonesia terutama sosiologi, mampu berdiri sejajar dalam dialog peradaban dengan ilmu serupa yang berkembang di belahan dunia lain termasuk Barat. Kesetaraan tersebut pada dasarnya bertalian dengan langkah “lanjutan” pijakan pada perspektif pasca-kolonial yang menekankan kontekstualisasi seiring diskursus ilmu sosial pascamodern. Pendek kata, kita mulai menancapkan jangkar perspektif “the end of post-colonial” yang menuntun ilmu sosial pada kemampuan membedah dan mengurai kenyataan sosial dengan menggunakan teori dan metode yang relevan dengan konteks kebudayaan dan peradaban kita sendiri (Soemardjan, 1981: 16.) </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Daftar Acuan </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Alatas, Syed Farid. 2003. “Pengkajian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial: Menuju ke Pembentukkan Konsep Tepat”, dalam Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, Tahun XXVII No. 72, September-Desember, halaman 1-23. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Babbie, Earl.2001. The Practice of Social Research, 9th Edition. Belmon, CA: Wadsworth. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Baudrillard Jean.1983. Simulations. New York: Semiotext (e), Inc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Christians, Clifford G. 2000. “Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research”, dalam Handbook of Qualitative Research. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Creswell, John W. 1994. Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. California: Sage Publications, Inc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Denzin, Norman K. 1990. “Reading Cultural Texts: Comment on Griswold”, dalam American Journal of Sociology 95, halaman 1577-1580. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Derrida, Jacques. 1993. Writing and Difference. London: Routledge. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Goldthorpe, John H. 2000. On Sociology: Numbers, Narratives, and Integration of Research and Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Gubrium, Jaber F and James A. Holstein, 1992. “Qualitative Methods”, dalam Encyclopedia of Sociology, Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Jary, David and Julia Jary. 1991. Dictionary of Sociology. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Marshall, Catherine and Gretchen B. Rossman. 1989. Designing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, California: Sage. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Ruane, Janet M. Essentials of Research Methods: A Guide to Social Science Research. 2005. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Singleton, Jr, Royce Bruce C. Straits, Margaret M. Straits and Ronald J. McAllister. 1988. Approaches to Social Research. New York: Oxford University Press. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Soemardjan, Selo, Perubahan Sosial di Yogyakarta. 1981. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Tashakkori, Abbas & Charles Teddlie(eds). 2003. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publ. Inc. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1994. New York: Black Dog and Leventhan Publ. Inc.</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-39537618838206148552011-01-20T23:26:00.001-08:002011-01-21T00:52:08.137-08:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDEKATAN KUALITATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh : Budi Puspo Priyadi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ABSTRACT</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Qualitative method is a post-positivism based research paradigm. Therefore it has a strong difference with positivism-based paradigm of quantitative method. Qualitative methods is holistic in characteristic, seeing the relations inside the system, focused on understanding the background of a phenomenon, and demands the researcher as a research instrument. It has three methods of data collection, covering indepth interview, open questionairres and documentation.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Keywords: post-positivism, qualitative design, data collection</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A. PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode penelitian sosial selama ini telah mengalami kemajuan yang pesat baik dalam hal teknik maupun teori. Pada umumnya, orang mengenal metode penelitian sosial adalah suatu cara bagaimana meneliti fenomena sosial. Dalam kajian akademis, metode penelitian sosial dibedakan dalam dua metode yakni kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Secara historis, metode kuantitatif muncul lebih awal daripada metode kuantitatif Metode kualitatif berkembang sekitar tahun 1960-an, sedangkan metode kuantitaif telah ada sejak tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an (Hammersley dalam Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998: 6). Namun demikian metode kualitatif sebenarnya telah mempunyai sejarah yang panjang, seperti dalam sosiologi ada mashab <i>Chigaco school</i> di mana pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an telah memakai riset kualitatif untuk studi kehidupan kelompok manusia. Dibidang antropologi, pada periode tahun yang sama, banyak antropolog seperti Boas, Mead, Benedict, Bateson, Evans-Pritchard, Radcliffe-Brown, dan Malinowski, telah menggunakan metode kualitatif (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994 : 1).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pendapat-pendapat di atas sebenarnya susah untuk disimpulkan mana yang terlebih dahulu muncul, meskipun banyak orang awam yang mengira bahwa pemunculan metode kualitatif adalah didahului oleh metode kuantitatif. Persoalan lain yang sering kali terjadi adalah orang sulit untuk memahami metode kualitatif, terutama menyangkut persoalan Epistemologi, yakni masalah paradigma. Kesulitan orang dalam memahami paradigma metode kualitatif sebenarnya terjadi karena kebanyakan orang telah memahami terlebih dahulu metode kuantitatif, dengan berbagai aturanaturannya. Dalam banyak hal, paradigma metode kualitatif memang berbeda, bahkan bertolak belakang dengan paradigma metode kuantitatif sehingga terjadi kesalahan dalam melakukan rujukan. Oleh karena itu perlu dijernihkan kesalahan tersebut, tentu saja dengan cara memahami masing-masing paradigma dengan benar dan proporsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode atau teknik penelitian kualitatif tidaklah berkenaan dengan pengukuran sesuatu seperti halnya penelitian kuantitatif, tetapi berupaya mencari konteks dari sebuah informasi semaksimal mungkin, agar informasi yang diperoleh menjadi lebih bermakna (Walker, 1985: 3). Selain itu, pendekatan kualitatif mengarah kepada pemahaman yang luas tentang makna dan konteks tingkah laku dan proses yang terjadi dalam pola-pola amatan dari faktorfaktor yang berhubungan (Bullock, <i>et all</i>, 1999, 117). Bahkan, dalam kasus-kasus tertentu di mana sering terjadi ada kesulitan dalam menguak tabir suatu persoalan, metode kualitatif dimungkinkan melakukan hal tersebut (Strauss & Corbin, 1990: 19).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">B. PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">1. PARADIGMA SEBAGAI BASIS METODOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Paradigma menurut Guba (1990) adalah merupakan seperangkat asumsi-asumsi yang terpola berkenaan dengan suatu realitas (<i>ontology</i>), pengetahuan tentang realitas itu sendiri (<i>epistemology</i>), dan cara-cara tertentu untuk memahami tentang realitas itu (metodologi) (dalam Crabtree & Miller, 1992: 8). Berkenaan dengan penelitian, pemahaman tentang paradigma menjadi penting karena merupakan pijakan dalam melakukan riset. Tokoh yang menekankan pentingnya paradigma dalam melakukan kerja ilmiah adalah Thomas S Kuhn, pikirannya tertuang dalam bukunya yang terkenal <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998; 3). Kesalahan memahami paradigma suatu metode penelitian akan membuat kesalahan dalam melakukan riset dan kemudian akan berakibat pula dalam menarik kesimpulan atau analisisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan metode penelitian kuantitatif yang oleh kebanyakan orang diyakini berbasis paradigma positivisme, metode kualitatif memiliki basis paradigma yang muncul setelah positivisme, yakni <i>post-positivisme </i>(Guba & Lincoln, 1994; Howe, 1998; Lincoln & Guba, 1985 dalam Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998: 3). Dalam era <i>postpositivisme</i>muncul beberapa aliran seperti <i>humanisme, hermeneutics, phenomenology </i>(konstruktivisme) (Bernard, 1994: 13-15; Walker, 1985: 10). Sebelum melihat lebih jauh tentang paradigma kualitatif, perlu dipaparkan secara singkat apa yang disebut dengan positivisme. Kolakowski, seorang ahli filsafat memandang positivisme sebagai sekumpulan aturan-aturan dan kriteria penilaian berkenaan dengan<o:p></o:p> pengetahuan manusia, “<i>a collection of rules and evaluative criteria for referring to human knowledge</i>” serta “<i>a normative attitude regulating how we use such terms as knowledge, science, cognition, and information</i>, (dalam Ahimsa-Putra, 1997: 29).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Kolakowski ada empat aturan dalam positivisme yang menentukan apa yang dimaksud dengan pengetahuan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> rule of phenomenalism;</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> rule of nominalism;</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">c.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> rule that refuses to call value judgments and normative statements knowledge;</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">d.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> belief in essential unity of scientific method.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Aturan pertama, kita hanya berhak merekam apa yang sebenarnya ada dalam pengalaman kita atau apa yang sebenarnya kita alami. Berarti positivisme mengakui eksistensi, tetapi menolak esensi, sehingga positivisme menolak setiap penjelasan yang mengacu pada halhal yang menurut definisinya tidak dapat digapai oleh pengetahuan manusia. Pengalaman adalah dasar terpenting (<i>ultimate foundation</i>) dari pengetahuan manusia. Positivisme tidak memberikan tempat pada metafisika.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Aturan kedua, <i>rule of nominalism</i>, kita tidak boleh beranggapan bahwa setiap pemahaman (<i>insight</i>) yang dirumuskan dalam istilah-istilah yang umum dapat mengacu selain kepada faktafakta individual. Jadi bagaimanapun umumnya istilah-istilah yang digunakan untuk merumuskan atau memaparkan suatu pemahaman, acuan rumusan tersebut tetaplah fakta-fakta individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut aturan nominalisme, setiap ilmu pengetahuan yang abstrak tidak lain adalah sebuah metode untuk meringkas (<i>abridging</i>) perekaman pengalaman. Ilmu tersebut tidaklah memberi pengetahuan baru yang bebas, dalam arti bahwa ilmu pengetahuan tersebut dapat membuka jalan menuju sebuah kawasan realitas lain yang secara empiris sebenarnya tidak dapat kita gapai.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Aturan ketiga, kita wajib menolak pandangan yang mengatakan bahwa nilai-nilai (<i>values</i>) merupakan ciri-ciri dari dunia yang ada di sekitar kita, Mengapa? Oleh karena nilainilai ini tidak dapat diperoleh dengan cara yang sama sebagaimana halnya “pengetahuan” yang kita miliki. Nilai ini kita peroleh melalui proses sosialisasi, jadi bersifat relatif, karena setiap kebudayaan dan masyarakat di mana proses sosialisasi tersebut berlangsung memiliki sistem nilainya sendirisendiri. Tanpa proses sosialisasi ini kita tidak akan memiliki nilai-nilai tersebut. Lain halnya dengan pengetahuan mengenai dunia empiris di sekitar kita. Walaupun tanpa sosialisasi, kita tetap dapat memperoleh pengetahuan tentang dunia sekitar kita, asalkan panca indera kita normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Aturan keempat, <i>belief in essential unity of scientific method </i>merupakan pandangan yang mengatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang penting dan mendasar antara metode ilmu pengetahuan alam (<i>natural sciences</i>) dengan metode ilmu sosial-budaya. Meskipun obyek penelitian kedua ilmu pengetahuan ini memang berbeda, namun hal itu tidak berarti bahwa prosedur penalaran dan penelitian di antara keduanya juga harus berbeda (dalam Ahimsa-Putra, 1997: 29-30).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Implikasi dari pandangan semacam ini adalah bahwa berbagai prosedur dan metode penalaran serta penelitian yang telah berkembang terlebih dahulu dalam ilmuilmu alam dianggap dapat digunakan juga untuk memahami berbagai macam gejala atau peristiwa sosial budaya. Anthony Giddens mengatakan bahwa <i>positivistic attitude </i>seperti yang terjadi dalam sosiologi mencakup paling tidak tiga pandangan yang saling berkaitan, yakni: pandangan bahwa : 1) Prosedur yang ada dalam ilmu alam bisa diadaptasikan secara langsung ke dalam sosiologi; 2) Hasil akhir penyelidikan sosiologi dapat diformulasikan sebagai “hukum” atau “aturan” perihal generalisasi sesuatu hal seperti halnya yang ditetapkan oleh ilmuwan ilmu alam; dan 3)Ilmu sosiologi mempunyai ciri yang bersifat teknis (dalam Ahimsa-Putra, 1997; 30-31).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Kualitatif (Budi Puspo)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya menurut Sarantakos ilmu pengetahuan menurut kaum positivis :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<o:p></o:p> Didasarkan pada aturan-aturan dan prosedur-prosedur yang ketat, berbeda dari spekulasi dan akal sehat;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<o:p></o:p> Bersifat deduktif, berasal dari yang abstrak dan umum menuju yang spesifik dan kongkrit;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<o:p></o:p> Bersifat nomotetis, bersandar pada hukum-hukum kausal yang digunakan untuk menerangkan kejadian-kejadian sosial yang kongkrit dan hubunganhubungan;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<o:p></o:p> Berdasarkan pada pengetahuan yang didapatkan dari akal;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<o:p></o:p> Terpisah dari fakta yang berasal dari nilai-nilai, harus bebas nilai (dalam Irianto 1997: 51).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun banyak ahli telah mengkaitkan paham positivisme dengan tradisi metode penelitian, khususnya pendekatan kuantitatif, ada juga yang mencermati bahwa sebenarnya tidaklah tepat bila ilmu sosial disamakan dengan ilmu alam. Menurut Marsh sangat sedikit peneliti kuantitatif yang akan menerima label seperti itu (dalam Silverman, 1997: 12-13). Silverman lebih jauh mengatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Instead, most quantitative researchers would argue that they do not aim to produce a science of laws (like physics) but simply to produce a set of cumulative, theoretically defined generalizations deriving from the critical sifting of data. So, it became increasingly clear that ‘positivists’ were made of straw since very few researchers could be found who equated the social and natural worlds or who believed that research was properly theory-free (1997: 13).</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Berbeda dengan paradigma positivisme, ilmu pengetahuan menurut interpretivisme:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Bahwa dasar untuk menerangkan kehidupan sosial dan peristiwa sosial dan untuk memahami manusia bukanlah ilmu pengetahuan dalam arti positivistis, tetapi akal sehat yang di dalamnya mengandung maknamakna yang digunakan orang untuk membuat hidupnya berarti;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahwa pendekatannya adalah induktif, bermula dari khusus ke yang umum, dari konkret ke abstrak;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">c. Bahwa sifatnya idiografis, bukan nomotetis, mengungkapkan kenyataan secara simbolik dalam bentuk deskriptif;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">d. Bahwa pengetahuan tidaklah berasal dari akal saja, tetapi merupakan pemahaman makna, dan interpretasi adalah lebih penting;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">e. Bahwa ilmu pengetahuan tidaklah bebas nilai (Sarantakos dalam Irianto 1997: 52).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari paradigma-paradigma di atas jelaslah bahwa masing-masing mempunyai dasar epistemologi yang berbeda, pendekatan kualitatif mempunyai paradigma yang lazim disebut dengan interpretif. Selain interpretif, dalam pendekatan kualitatif dikenal juga paradigma konstruktivis atau oleh Kuzel (1986) disebut naturalistik dan oleh Gadamer (1976), Guba & Lincoln (1989) disebut hermeneutik (dalam Crabtree & Miller, 1992: 10).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabel 1. Perbedaan metode Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.25pt;"> <td style="height: 23.25pt; padding: 1.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #353538; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Qualitative</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 23.25pt; padding: 1.5pt; width: 92.25pt;" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Quantitative<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 82.5pt;"> <td style="height: 82.5pt; padding: 1.5pt; width: 62.25pt;" valign="top" width="83"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Soft Flexible Subjective Political Case study Speculative Grounded<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="height: 82.5pt; padding: 1.5pt; width: 92.25pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Hard Fixed Objective Value-free Survey Hypothesis-testing Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber : Halfpenny (1979) dalam (Silverman, 1997: 13).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2. METODE PENELITIAN KUALITATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode kualitatif terdiri tiga cara pengumpulan data : 1) Wawancara mendalam, wawancara dengan format pertanyaan terbuka; 2) Observasi langsung; dan 3) Pemanfaatan dokumen tertulis, termasuk sumber-sumber tertulis dari hasil wawancara terbuka pada kuestioner, buku harian seseorang, dan catatan program. Data wawancara terbuka terdiri dari kutipan langsung dari orang tentang pengalamannya, opini, perasaan, dan pengetahuan. Data hasil observasi terdiri diskripsi mendalam mengenai kegiatan suatu program, perilaku para partisipan, aksi para staf, dan interaksi antar manusia secara luas yang dapat menjadi bagian dari pengalaman program. Dokumen dari kutipan-kutipan yang dianalisis, kutipan-kutipan, atau seluruh kalimat dari hasil rekaman, surat menyurat, laporan resmi, dan survey yang menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka (Patton, 1987: 7).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Karakteristik disain penelitian Kualitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Janesick (1994: 212) membuat rambu-rambu yang berkenaan dengan disain penelitian kualitatif. 1) Rencana penelitian kualitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">bersifat holistik atau menyeluruh. Melihat sebuah gambar yang luas, menyeluruh dan diawali dengan upaya untuk memahami keseluruhan. (<i>Qualitative design is holistic. It looks at the larger picture, the whole picture, and begins with a search for understanding of the whole</i>);<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Rencana penelitian kualitatif melihat hubungan yang ada di dalam sistem atau kebudayaan. (<i>Qualitative design looks at relationships within a system or culture);</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Rencana penelitian kualitatif mengacu pada hal yang bersifat personal, bersifat tatap muka, dan segera. (<i>Qualitative design refers to the personal, face-toface, and immediate);</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Rencana penelitian kualitatif terfokus pada pemahaman latar belakang sosial yang ada, tidak perlu membuat peramalan tentang latar belakang yang ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(Qualitative design is focused on understanding a given social setting, not necessarily on making predictions about that setting)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Rencana penelitian kualitatif menuntut bahwa peneliti tinggal di lapangan secara penuh. <i>(Qualitative design demands that the researcher stay in the setting over time);</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">6) Rencana penelitian kualitatif menuntut alokasi waktu dalam menganalisa sebanding dengan pada saat di lapangan. <i>(Qualitative design demands time in analysis equal to the time in the field);</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">7) Rencana penelitian kualitatif menuntut bahwa peneliti membangun model mengenai apa yang terjadi pada suatu latar sosial. <i>(Qualitative design demands that the researcher develop a model of what occurred in the social setting);</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">8) Rencana penelitian kualitatif mensyaratkan peneliti menjadi instrumen penelitian. Hal ini berarti peneliti harus memiliki kemampuan untuk mengamati tingkah laku dan harus mempertajam keahlian yang dibutuhkan untuk mengamati dan melakukan wawancara secara langsung. (<i>Qualitative design requires the researcher to become the research instrument. This means</i><o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> the researcher must have the ability to observe behavior and must sharpen the skills necessary for observation and face-to-face interview</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">);<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">9) Rencana penelitian kualitatif menggabungkan ruang untuk diskripsi peneliti seperti halnya diskripsi yang bias dan pilihan idiologi yang dimiliki oleh peneliti.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(Qualitative design incorporates room for descriptions of the researcher as well as description of the researcher’s own biases and ideological preference);</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">10)Rencana penelitian kualitatif mensyaratkan analisa data secara bersamaan. <i>(Qualitative design requires ongoing analyses of the data)</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Model Proposal Kualitatif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat bahwa penelitian kualitatif tidak terstruktur, hasilnya tidak bisa diramalkan, dan keluarannya tidak tentu, maka sulit untuk menulis proposal yang biasa digambarkan seperti: “apa yang kamu lihat adalah apa yang kamu dapat ” WYSIWYG (<i>what you see is what you get</i>). Masalah ini membuat penulisan proposal atau rencana penelitian menjadi sulit (Morse, 1994: 227). Namun demikian, betapapun sulitnya, sebuah rencana adalah merupakan suatu hal yang perlu dilakukan oleh orang sebelum melakukan penelitian. Rencana penelitian berfungsi memberi petunjuk pada peneliti dalam proses pengumpulan, analisa, dan interpretasi atas pengamatan. Oleh karena itu, rencana penelitian adalah <i>blueprint</i> penelitian, yang setidaknya berkaitan dengan empat permasalahan, yakni: pertanyaan apa yang dimunculkan dalam penelitian; data macam apa yang cocok untuk dikumpulkan; data macam apa yang dikumpulkan; dan bagaimana menganalisa hasilnya (Yin, 1994: 1920). Menurut Marshall and Rossman (1989: 27-35), proposal penelitian kualitatif bervariasi dalam format tetapi umumnya mencakup hal-hal sebagai berikut : 1) </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian pendahuluan ini menyajikan garis besar proposal. Pertama, cakupan relevansi atas penelitian dari segi praktis, kebijakan, dan teori yang dipaparkan secara ringkas. Selanjutnya, membuat garis besar cakupan teoritis yang sifatnya umum dan didiskusikan dalam tinjauan pustaka. Kemudian membuat sketsa rencana penelitian, pendekatan tertentu yang akan dilakukan, teknik pokok dalam pengumpulan data, dan penonjolkan hal-hal yang unik atas proposal. Akhirnya, dalam bagian pendahuluan ini disajikan juga transisi yang lebih rinci dari diskusi topik secara umum atau pertanyaan penelitian yang akan dicari dalam penelitian.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penelitian kualitatif, pertanyaan dan permasalahan penelitian seringkali datang dari pengamatan yang nyata, suatu dilema, dan suatu persoalan yang ingin dipecahkan. Hal itu tidak dinyatakan seperti dalam bentuk “hipotesa bila-maka” yang diturunkan dari teori. Tetapi, diturunkan dari bentuk pertanyaan yang cakupannya luas seperti : a) Mengapa suatu program berjalan<o:p></o:p> dengan baik di satu tempat,<o:p></o:p> tetapi tidak di tempat yang lain? b) Apa yang spesial tentang orang? c) Rencananya seperti apa? d) Dukungannya bagaimana? e) Konteksnya bagaimana? f) Variasi teknik macam apa yang<o:p></o:p> digunakan oleh kelompok pelobi seperti yang mereka cobakan untuk mempengaruhi suatu kebijakan?<o:p></o:p> g) Yang seperti apa yang dirasa paling efektif?<o:p></o:p> h) Bagaimana metode berbeda sesuai isu selama terjadi perdebatan?<o:p></o:p> i) Bagaimana para pelobi mempelajari teknik-teknik ini?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Signifikansi Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian ini berupaya mengembangkan suatu argumentasi dan mengawali gambaran tentang kerangka kerja yang logis untuk penelitian, di bidang apa hal itu ditempatkan dalam suatu tradisi (aliran pemikiran) penelitian dan juga hubungannya dengan studi-studi yang berkaitan. Bagian ini secara umum menjawab pertanyaanpertanyaan sebagai berikut : a) Siapa yang mempunyai minat<o:p></o:p> dalam permasalahan penelitian? b) Apa yang sudah kita ketahui tentang topik penelitian?<o:p></o:p> c) Apa yang belum terjawab secara memadai dalam penelitian atau kegiatan sebelumnya?<o:p></o:p> d) Bagaimana penelitian yang baru ini akan menambah pengetahuan, praktek, dan kebijakan di suatu wilayah?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas, proposal penelitian harus menunjukkan bahwa penelitian akan berguna setidaknya dalam tiga cakupan. Pertama, harus menyokong pengetahuan. Kedua, ada arena kebijakan yang relevan yang harus menemukan manfaat dan makna suatu kajian. Ketiga, kajian harus berguna bagi praktisi. Namun demikian, penekanan yang diberikan secara relatif atas setiap aspek dari signifikansi suatu kajian tergantung pada kajian itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Tinjauan Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Tinjauan pustaka menyajikan empat fungsi yang luas, antara lain: a) Menunjukkan asumsi yang<o:p></o:p> mendasari atas pertanyaan penelitian secara umum. Jika mungkin, hal itu harus memaparkan paradigma penelitian yang mendukung kajian dan menggambarkan asumsi-asumsi dan nilai-nilai yang dibawa peneliti selama penelitian;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Menunjukkan bahwa peneliti secara sungguh-sungguh mampu memahami penelitian lain yang berkaitan dan mempunyai tradisi intelektual yang melingkupi dan mendukung kajiannya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Memperlihatkan bahwa peneliti telah mengidentifikasi suatu celah dalam penelitian sebelumnya dan bahwa kajian yang diajukan akan mengisi celah yang ada;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">d) Tinjauan pustaka dapat memperhalus dan mendefinisikan ulang pertanyaan penelitian dan hipotesa tentatif yang berhubungan dengan cara melekatkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan penelitian dalam tradisi empiris yang lebih luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Metodologi Pada bagian ini peneliti men<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">jelaskan secara rinci mengenai<o:p></o:p> bagaimana proses penelitian akan<o:p></o:p> dilakukan. Proses tersebut meliputi<o:p></o:p> berbagai kegiatan antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Pemilihan Informan Informan penelitian adalah orang yang memberikan informasi (Gilchrist, 1992 : 71). Oleh karena itu, seorang informan harus benar-benar tahu atau pelaku yang terlibat langsung dengan permasalahan penelitian (Bogdewic, 1992 :57). Memilih seorang informan harus dilihat kompetensinya bukan hanya sekedar untuk menghadirkannya (Bernard, 1994 :165). Proses pemilihan informan semacam inilah yang perlu dijelaskan oleh peneliti karena tidak semua orang bisa menjadi informan (Spradley, 1979 : 45). Dalam penelitian kualitatif besaran (<i>number</i>) informan tidak menentukan, tetapi yang terpenting adalah kedalaman informasi yang diperoleh oleh peneliti (Zyzanski, <i>et all</i>, 1992 : 233). Menurut Lincoln dan Guba (1985) ada prinsip redundansi dalam menentukan besarnya jumlah dalam sampel, yakni tergantung dari informasi yang didapatkan apakah sudah maksimal, dalam artian tidak ada hal yang baru (dalam Patton, 1990 : 185-186). Kerangka sampel dalam penelitian kualitatif biasanya <i>purposive</i>, terdiri atas sejumlah kecil orang dengan karakteristik-karakteristik yang khusus (Walker, 1985 : 30). Bahkan, menurut seorang tokoh metode kualitatif yakni Patton (1980 : 100; 1990 : 169), penelitian kualitatif bisa hanya menggunakan satu orang sampel yang dipilih secara <i>purposive</i>, tetapi tidak dimaksudkan untuk melakukan generalisasi ke semua kasus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Instrumen Penelitian Berbeda dengan penelitian kuantitatif, di mana instrumennya adalah berupa kuesioner, dalam penelitian kualitatif yang menjadi instrumen adalah peneliti itu sendiri. Bagian ini menjelaskan bagaimana peneliti berperan sebagai instrumen penelitian. Mengingat pentingnya peranan peneliti dalam metode kualitatif maka peneliti perlu meningkatkan kemampuan dalam memahami masalah yang sedang diteliti. Hal itu menurut Glaser (1978) disebut<o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> theoretical sensitivity. Theoretical sensitivity</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengacu pada kemampuan memberikan pandangan, mampu memberi makna atas data yang ditemukan, mampu memahami, dan mampu memisahkan hal-hal yang tidak berkaitan (Strauss and Corbin, 1990: 42). Selain itu, peneliti harus mampu menciptakan <i>rapport</i>, yakni menciptakan kedekatan yang maksimal dengan para nara sumber sehingga mereka mau bekerja sama (<i>participation</i>) (lihat Spradley, 1979). Oleh karena itu, kepribadian peneliti adalah merupakan kunci dalam kegiatan penelitian (Gummesson, 1991: 3).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Pengumpulan dan Pengolahan Data Mengingat bahwa dalam penelitian kualitatif ada beberapa cara pengumpulan data (Marshall and Rossman, 1989:75-101), seperti Wawancara Mendalam (<i>InDepth-Interview</i>), Partisipasi-Observasi, <i>Questioner</i>, <i>Film</i>, <i>Street Ethnography</i>, <i>Psycholo</i>gical Techniques, Proxemics, Kinesics, Ethnographic Inter<i>viewing, Elite Interviewing, Historical Analysis, Life History, Content Analysis, Unobtrusive Measures.</i> Metode pendekatan lain yang dikembangkan oleh komunitas interpretif seperti Denzin (dalam Silverman, 1997: 28) antara lain : <i>open-onded, creative interviewing; document analysis; semiotics; life-history; personal experience and self-story construction; participant observation; and thick description</i>. Selain itu ada juga cara pengumpulan data melalui <i>Focus Groups Discusion</i> (lihat Morgan, 1988; Stewart and Shamdasani, 1990). Pada bagian ini peneliti perlu menjelaskan teknik apa dan bagaimana pengumpulan data akan dilakukan. Juga perlu dijelaskan bagaimana pencatatan dan pengolahan datanya (lihat Huberman & Miles, 1994). Perkembangan kemajuan dalam bidang teknik pengolahan data pada saat ini telah tersedia berbagai macam program komputer (<i>software</i>) untuk mengolah data kualitatif (lihat Richards & Richards, 1994, Durkin, 1997). Dari berbagai teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian kualitatif, seorang pelopor metode kualitatif yaitu Howard S. Becker mengatakan bahwa <i>participant observation is the most comprehensive of all type of the research strategies</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(Patton, 1980 : 30). Khusus tentang metode partisipasi observasi lihat (Spradley, 1980).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">d) Analisa Data Berbeda dengan metode kuantitatif yang datanya lebih mudah dianalisisi karena sistematis, terukur, dan mudah disajikan dalam bentuk yang singkat, analisa data kualitatif lebih sulit karena apa yang didapat dari nara sumber tidak bisa diseragamkan dan sering berupa <i>content</i> (Patton, 1980 : 28). Pada bagian ini menjelaskan bagaimana rencana proses analisa data yang akan dilakukan. Penjelasan tersebut menyangkut jenis analisa data yang digunakan dan bagaimana melakukannya. Model kerja yang biasa dilakukan dalam penelitian kualitatif adalah analisa secara induktif, yang maksudnya adalah bahwa pola-pola, tema-tema, dan kategorisasi bertumpu pada data yang ada, kesemuanya itu muncul dari data (Patton, 1980 : 306). Menurut Ulin, <i>et all</i>, analisa data kualitatif setidaknya ada lima prinsip yang bisa dipakai sebagai petunjuk, yakni : 1) Setiap orang berbeda penga<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">laman dan pemahamannya tentang realitas; bagaimana para partisipan mendefinisikan situasi bisa jadi tidak merefleksikan asumsi yang dibuat oleh peneliti;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Fenomena sosial tidak bisa dipahami di luar konteks terjadinya hal itu;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Teori yang dipakai sebagai pegangan bisa merupakan hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Kasus-kasus yang di luar dugaan bisa memperluas pandangan atas permasalahan atau menjadi petunjuk untuk penelitian selanjutnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Pemahaman atas tingkah laku manusia muncul secara perlahan dan tidak secara linier (2002 : 136-137).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkenaan dengan analisa data, sebagai contoh bila seorang peneliti kualitatif memilih analisa model interpretif dalam memutuskan apa yang dikaji, bagaimana mengkaji dan menganalis datanya. Pilihan semacam ini juga mengisyaratkan peneliti untuk bertanggung jawab atas tuntutan persyaratan yang dipakai dalam komunitas interpretif (Miller, 1997 : 9). Berdasarkan pendapat tersebut maka sebenarnya ada aturan yang disepakati oleh suatu komunitas pemakai metode, seperti halnya juga dalam tradisi metode kuantitatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">C. PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan dunia penelitian sekarang ini tidaklah memposisikan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif pada posisi berlawanan seperti yang digambarkan oleh Gage (1989 dalam Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998 : 4) sebagai <i>paradigm wars</i>. Debat paradigma yang terjadi pada tahun 1980-an hingga akhir 1990-an memang tak terelakkan dan menjadikan sesuatu yang tidak produktif. Sampai akhirnya banyak ilmuwan yang membuat upaya perdamaian atas dua paradigma itu sehingga memunculkan pernyataan bahwa metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif, setidak-tidaknya saling melengkapi (Tashakkori & Teddlie, 1998 : 4-5). Obyektifitas yang kemudian diterjemahkan dalam pengertian validitas dan reliabilitas di mana menjadi jargon penelitian kuantitatif, tidaklah bisa diterapkan dalam penelitian kualitatif. Dalam hal itu metode kualitatif mempunyai pengertian sendiri berkenaan dengan masalah tersebut (lihat Kirk & Miller, 1986). Patton menandaskan bahwa:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">the validity, meaningfulness, and insights generated from qualitative inquiry have more to do with the information-richness of the cases selected and the observational/ analytical capabilities of the researcher than with sample size</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(1990: 185). Berkenaan dengan metode kualitatif, salah seorang ahli metode kualitatif mengatakan bahwa <i>no entry, no research </i>(Nasution, 1988 : 43). Pendapat itu mengisyaratkan bahwa tanpa memasuki kancah penelitian, seorang peneliti tidak akan merasakan bagaimana dinamika yang hidup dalam suatu kegiatan penelitian. Apa yang dipaparkan di atas adalah hanya sebagian dari ‘pengetahuan’ tentang penelitian kualitatif yang dalam kenyataannya masih banyak hal yang perlu dipahami. Diharapkan dari upaya seperti ini, kita bisa mendapatkan inspirasi untuk mulai melakukan penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ahimsa-Putra. & Heddy Sri. 1997. Antropologi Koentjaraningrat: Sebuah Tafsir Epistemologi”, dalam<o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> Koentjaraningrat dan Antropologi di Indonesia</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">, Masinambow, E.K.M., (ed), (hal 25-48) (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia bekerja sama dengan Asosiasi Antropologi Indonesia).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Bernard, H, Russell. 1994. <i>Research Methods in Anthropology Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches,</i> (2<sup>nd </sup>edition). 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Newbury Park : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Huberman, A, Michael. & Miles, Mattew B. 1994. “Data Management and Analysis Methods, dalam <i>Handbook of Qualitative Research</i>. Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds, pp 428-444. Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Irianto, Sulistyowati. 1997. “Konsep Kebudayaan Koentjaraningrat dan Keberadaannya dalam Paradigma Ilmu-ilmu Sosial” dalam <i>Koentjaraningrat dan Antropologi di Indonesia</i>, Masinambow, E.K.M.,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(ed), (hal 49-60). 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Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Kirk, Jerome, Miller, Marc L. 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publication.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Marshall, Catherine. & Gretchen B Rossman. 1989. <i>Designing Qualitative Research</i>. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Miller, Gale. 1997. “Introduction : Context and Method in Qualitative Research”, dalam <i>Context and Method in Qualitative Research</i>. Gale Miller and Robert Dingwall, pp 1-11. 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Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasution. 1988. <i>Metode Penelitian Naturalistik Kualitatif</i>. Bandung : Tarsito.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Patton, M. Q. 1980. <i>Qualitative Evaluation Methods</i>. Beverly Hills, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Patton, M. Q. 1987. <i>How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation</i>. Newbury Park, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Patton, M. Q. 1990. “Designing qualitative studies” dalam <i>Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(2<sup>nd</sup> edition), pp 145-199. Newbury Park, CA : SAGE.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Richards, Thomas J. & Richards, Lyn. “Using Computers in Qualitative Research”, dalam <i>Handbook of Qualitative Research</i>, Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds, (pp 445-462) (Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Silverman, David. “Validity and Credibility in Qualitative Research The Logics of Qualitative Research”, dalam <i>Context and Method in Qualitative Research</i>, Gale Miller and Robert Dingwall, (pp 12-25) (London: SAGE, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Spradley, J. P. Participant Observation, (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1980).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan Kualitatif (Budi Puspo)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Spradley, J.P. <i>The Ethnographic Interview</i>, (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1979).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Stewart, David W. & Shamdasani, Prem N. <i>Focus Groups Theory and Practice</i>, (Newbury Park, CA, : SAGE, 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Strauss, Anselm. & Corbin, Juliet.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Basics of Qualitative Research Grounded Theory Procedurs and Techniques</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">, (Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publication, 1990).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Ulin, Priscilla, R, <i>et all</i>. <i>Qualitative Methods: a field guide for applied research in sexual and reproductive health</i>, (North Carolina: Family Health International, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Walker, Robert. <i>Applied Qualitative Research</i>, (Vermont : Gower Publishing Company, 1985).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Yin, RK. “Designing case study”, dalam <i>Case Study Research: Design and Methods</i> (Second Edition) (pp 18-53) (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Zyzanski, Stephen J, <i>et all</i>. “Qualitative Research: Perspectives on the Future”, dalam <i>Doing Qualitative Research</i>, Benyamin F. Crabtree and William L. Miller, (Newbury Park, CA, SAGE, 1992).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-50989050109356083742011-01-20T06:47:00.001-08:002011-01-21T02:59:24.193-08:00Penelitian kuantitatif<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Penelitian kuantitatif</b> adalah penelitian ilmiah yang sistematis terhadap bagian-bagian dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomena" title="Fenomena">fenomena</a> serta <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausalitas" title="Kausalitas">hubungan-hubungannya</a>. Tujuan penelitian kuantitatif adalah mengembangkan dan menggunakan <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model_matematis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Model matematis (halaman belum tersedia)">model-model matematis</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teori-teori</a> dan/atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipotesis" title="Hipotesis">hipotesis</a> yang berkaitan dengan fenomena alam. Proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengukuran" title="Pengukuran">pengukuran</a> adalah bagian yang sentral dalam penelitian kuantitatif karena hal ini memberikan hubungan yang fundamental antara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengamatan" title="Pengamatan">pengamatan</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiris" title="Empiris">empiris</a> dan ekspresi matematis dari hubungan-hubungan kuantitatif.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penelitian kuantitatif banyak dipergunakan baik dalam <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilmu-ilmu_alam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ilmu-ilmu alam (halaman belum tersedia)">ilmu-ilmu alam</a> maupun <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu-ilmu_sosial" title="Ilmu-ilmu sosial">ilmu-ilmu sosial</a>, dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologi</a> hingga <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi">sosiologi</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalisme" title="Jurnalisme">jurnalisme</a>. Pendekatan ini juga digunakan sebagai cara untuk meneliti berbagai aspek dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan">pendidikan</a>. Istilah penelitian kuantitatif sering dipergunakan dalam ilmu-ilmu sosial untuk membedakannya dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelitian_kualitatif" title="Penelitian kualitatif">penelitian kualitatif</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Penelitian kuantitatif adalah definisi, pengukuran data kuantitatif dan statistik objektif melalui perhitungan ilmiah berasal dari sampel orang-orang atau penduduk yang diminta menjawab atas sejumlah pertanyaan tentang survei untuk menentukan frekuensi dan persentase tanggapan mereka. Sebagai contoh: 240 orang, 79% dari populasi sampel, mengatakan bahwa mereka lebih percaya pada diri mereka pribadi masa depan mereka dari setahun yang lalu hingga hari ini. Menurut ketentuan ukuran sampel statistik yang berlaku, maka 79% dari penemuan dapat diproyeksikan ke seluruh populasi dari sampel yang telah dipilih. pengambilan data ini adalah disebut sebagai survei kuantitatif atau penelitian kuantitatif.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ukuran sampel untuk survei oleh statistik dihitung dengan menggunakan rumusan untuk menentukan seberapa besar ukuran sampel yang diperlukan dari suatu populasi untuk mencapai hasil dengan tingkat akurasi yang dapat diterima. pada umumnya, para peneliti mencari ukuran sampel yang akan menghasilkan temuan dengan minimal 95% tingkat keyakinan (yang berarti bahwa jika Anda survei diulang 100 kali, 95 kali dari seratus, Anda akan mendapatkan respon yang sama) dan plus / minus 5 persentase poin margin dari kesalahan. Banyak survei sampel dirancang untuk menghasilkan margin yang lebih kecil dari kesalahan.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Beberapa survei dengan melalui pertanyaan tertulis dan tes, kriteria yang sesuai untuk memilih metode dan teknologi untuk mengumpulkan informasi dari berbagai macam responden survei, survei dan administrasi statistik analisis dan pelaporan semua layanan yang diberikan oleh pengantar komunikasi. Namun, oleh karena sifat teknisnya metode pilihan pada survei atau penelitian oleh karena sifat teknis, maka topik yang lain tidak tercakup dalam cakupan ini.</span></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-398521316486712972011-01-20T06:26:00.000-08:002011-01-20T06:26:50.756-08:00Metode Kuantitati<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CEQUINO%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CEQUINO%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CEQUINO%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">How to order this book?<br />
UPP STIM YKPN<br />
Jl. Palagan Tentara Pelajar Km. 7 Yogyakarta 55581<br />
Telp./Faks. (0274) 889317, SMS Hotline: 08157988210<br />
Email: <a href="mailto:upp_stimykpn@yahoo.com"><span style="color: black;">upp_stimykpn@yahoo.com</span></a></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Kuantitatif merupakan alat analisis yang populer dan menjadi andalan ilmu ekonomi. Tak berlebihan bila ilmu ekonomi dinobatkan sebagai “ratunya ilmu sosial” berkat peranan dan aplikasi metode kuantitatif. Dibidang bisnis pun, metode kuantitatif digunakan secara luas sebagai dasar pertimbangan pengambilan kebijakan dan peramalan bisnis.Buku ini menyajikan berbagai metode kuantitatif yang popouler digunakan dalam bisnis dan ekonomi. Inti teori, sebagai dasar analisis, diuraikan secara gamblang agar mudah dipahami. Yang lebih ditonjolkan adalah bagaimana mengaplikasikan teori dalam penelitian ekonomi maupun praktik bisnis. Boleh dikata, dataran empiris merupakan fokus perhatian utama. Untuk itu, perangkat lunak seperti SPSS for Windows, QSB, Input-Output, dan MicrTSP dipergunakan secara bergantian.Titik Berat Buku ini adalah agar pembaca mampu memilih metode kuantitatif yang relevan sesuai dengan pertanyaan penelitian maupun masalah yang hendak dipecahkan. Tanpa berpretensi menjadi buku yang terlalu teknis-matematis, buku ini tidak hanya menyajikan cara bagaimana menganalisis hasil komputasi, namun juga memberikan contoh bagaimana menyajikan dalam format jurnal ilmiah, maupun sekedar memberikan masukan bagi pengambil keputusan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR ISI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">I. KERANGKA DASAR </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pengantar Metode Kuantitatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan Penelitian dan teknik yang relevan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Statistik dan Data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">II. STUDI DESKRIPTIF DAN SELEKSI DATA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Studi Deskriptif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Proses Pra-Analisis dan Seleksi Data</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">III. HUBUNGAN KAUSALITAS DAN SEBAB AKIBAT </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Studi Kausalitas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis Regresi: Dasar-dasar APlikasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis Regresi 2: </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model <i>Pooled Time Series</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IV. PERAMALAN </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis Dekomposisi dan Model Runtut Waktu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MODEL KAUSAL: Dasar- dasar Metode ARIMA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model Peramalan Kualitatif</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">V. PREDIKSI KEANGGOTAAN GRUP </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model Probabilitas Linear dan Analisis Logit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model Regresi Logistik dan Analisis Diskriminan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VI. STRUKTUR </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Komponen Prinsipal dan Analisis Faktor </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VII. ANALISIS INPUT-OUTPUT </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis Input-Output Dan Keterkaitan Antarsektor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Analisis Input-Output Regional Dan Interregional</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: black; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">VIII. OPTIMASI </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Optimasi Dan Programasi Linear</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: black; line-height: 15.6pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Model Transportasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3764188317230302533.post-11741192640922596922011-01-07T23:01:00.001-08:002011-01-07T23:01:44.486-08:00Metode kuantitatifn bisnis<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penelitian kuantitatif adalah penelitian ilmiah yang sistematis terhadap bagian-bagian dan fenomena serta hubungan-hubungannya. Tujuan penelitian kuantitatif adalah mengembangkan dan menggunakan model-model matematis, teori-teori dan/atau hipotesis yang berkaitan dengan fenomena alam. Proses pengukuran adalah bagian yang sentral dalam penelitian kuantitatif karena hal ini memberikan hubungan yang fundamental antara pengamatan empiris dan ekspresi matematis dari hubungan-hubungan kuantitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penelitian kuantitatif banyak dipergunakan baik dalam ilmu-ilmu alam maupun ilmu-ilmu sosial, dari fisika dan biologi hingga sosiologi dan jurnalisme. Pendekatan ini juga digunakan sebagai cara untuk meneliti berbagai aspek dari pendidikan. Istilah penelitian kuantitatif sering dipergunakan dalam ilmu-ilmu sosial untuk membedakannya dengan penelitian kualitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Penelitian kuantitatif adalah definisi, pengukuran data kuantitatif dan statistik objektif melalui perhitungan ilmiah berasal dari sampel orang-orang atau penduduk yang diminta menjawab atas sejumlah pertanyaan tentang survei untuk menentukan frekuensi dan persentase tanggapan mereka. Sebagai contoh: 240 orang, 79% dari populasi sampel, mengatakan bahwa mereka lebih percaya pada diri mereka pribadi masa depan mereka dari setahun yang lalu hingga hari ini. Menurut ketentuan ukuran sampel statistik yang berlaku, maka 79% dari penemuan dapat diproyeksikan ke seluruh populasi dari sampel yang telah dipilih. pengambilan data ini adalah disebut sebagai survei kuantitatif atau penelitian kuantitatif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ukuran sampel untuk survei oleh statistik dihitung dengan menggunakan rumusan untuk menentukan seberapa besar ukuran sampel yang diperlukan dari suatu populasi untuk mencapai hasil dengan tingkat akurasi yang dapat diterima. pada umumnya, para peneliti mencari ukuran sampel yang akan menghasilkan temuan dengan minimal 95% tingkat keyakinan (yang berarti bahwa jika Anda survei diulang 100 kali, 95 kali dari seratus, Anda akan mendapatkan respon yang sama) dan plus / minus 5 persentase poin margin dari kesalahan. Banyak survei sampel dirancang untuk menghasilkan margin yang lebih kecil dari kesalahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beberapa survei dengan melalui pertanyaan tertulis dan tes, kriteria yang sesuai untuk memilih metode dan teknologi untuk mengumpulkan informasi dari berbagai macam responden survei, survei dan administrasi statistik analisis dan pelaporan semua layanan yang diberikan oleh pengantar komunikasi. Namun, oleh karena sifat teknisnya metode pilihan pada survei atau penelitian oleh karena sifat teknis, maka topik yang lain tidak tercakup dalam cakupan ini.</span></div>DRS.H.M.SOLIHINhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06046315555818771551noreply@blogger.com